Fig. 1 Case 2: a Unenhanced CT image at bone window settings shows that a lytic lesion with lattice‑like coarse trabeculae, interrupted cortex (arrowhead), and partial peripheral sclerosis (white arrow). b Enhanced CT image shows paraspinal mass and posterior intercostal artery (white arrow) passing through the lesion without involvement

Fig

Case

a

Unenhanced

CT

image

at

bone

window

settings

shows

that

a

lytic

lesion

with

lattice‑like

coarse

trabeculae

interrupted

cortex

arrowhead

and

partial

peripheral

sclerosis

white

arrow

b

Enhanced

CT

image

shows

paraspinal

mass

and

posterior

intercostal

artery

white

arrow

passing

through

the

lesion

without

involvement


Figure 3: Preoperative imaging from case 2. (a) T2‑weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the whole spine showing extensive syringobulbia with syringohydromyelia, (b) Postcontrast T1‑weighted sagittal MRI images of the whole spine showing multiple subpial tumor along cervicothoracic spinal cord and an intramedullary tumor at the C5‑6 level, (c) Computerized tomography abdomen revealed multiple pancreatic cysts (arrow), (d) MRI brain showing an enhancing nodules at the both globes

Figure

Preoperative

imaging

from

case

a

sagittal

magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

images

of

the

whole

spine

showing

extensive

syringobulbia

with

syringohydromyelia

b

Postcontrast

sagittal

MRI

images

of

the

whole

spine

showing

multiple

subpial

tumor

along

cervicothoracic

spinal

cord

and

an

intramedullary

tumor

at

the

level

c

Computerized

tomography

abdomen

revealed

multiple

pancreatic

cysts

arrow

d

MRI

brain

showing

an

enhancing

nodules

at

the

both

globes


Figure 1. a, b. Temporal bone computerized tomography. Soft tissue density of the left middle ear and non-specific mastoiditis. Axial cross-section image (a), sagittal cross-section image (b)

Figure

a

b.

Temporal

bone

computerized

tomography

Soft

tissue

density

of

the

left

middle

ear

and

non

specific

mastoiditis

Axial

cross

section

image

a

sagittal

cross

section

image

b


Figure 1. Endoscopic findings. A) The stomach wall is pushed from inside the abdominal cavity. B) Guide wire puncture into the stomach wall. C) Insertion of sheath for the gastrostomy tube. D) PEG is performed in the standard fashion.

Figure

Endoscopic

findings

A

The

stomach

wall

is

pushed

from

inside

the

abdominal

cavity

B

Guide

wire

puncture

into

the

stomach

wall

C

Insertion

of

sheath

for

the

gastrostomy

tube

D

PEG

is

performed

in

the

standard

fashion


Fig. 3 - Color Doppler ultrasonography of neck showing patent common carotid artery and internal jugular vein (A) and healed cervical scar (B).

Fig

Color

Doppler

ultrasonography

of

neck

showing

patent

common

carotid

artery

and

internal

jugular

vein

A

and

healed

cervical

scar

B


Figure 4: Curved multiplanar reformations acquired along the centerline of the coronary arteries at SASmode CT coronary angiography. (a) Angiogram obtained with scanning protocol B in 70-year-old man with a BMI of 27.3 kg/m2 shows atherosclerosis of the right coronary artery without significant stenosis. (b) Angiogram obtained with scanning protocol A in 58-year-old man with a BMI of 24.0 kg/m2 shows significant stenosis due to mixed plaque (arrow) in proximal left anterior descending artery.

Figure

Curved

multiplanar

reformations

acquired

along

the

centerline

of

the

coronary

arteries

at

SASmode

CT

coronary

angiography

a

Angiogram

obtained

with

scanning

protocol

B

in

old

man

with

a

BMI

of

kg

shows

atherosclerosis

of

the

right

coronary

artery

without

significant

stenosis

b

Angiogram

obtained

with

scanning

protocol

A

in

old

man

with

a

BMI

of

kg

shows

significant

stenosis

due

to

mixed

plaque

arrow

in

proximal

left

anterior

descending

artery


Figure 2: (a and b) Computed tomography (CT) revealed the cecum to be prominently enlarged. The cecum enlarged to 60 mm × 70 mm and the cecum walls exhibited hypertrophy (arrows). (c and d) The results of flourodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography coincided with a tumor-like shadow observed in CT and abnormal accumulation of FDG was observed. The maximum standardized uptake value was elevated at 22 (arrows) (c: Coronal image; d: Sagittal image) d c

Figure

a

and

b

Computed

tomography

CT

revealed

the

cecum

to

be

prominently

enlarged

The

cecum

enlarged

to

mm

mm

and

the

cecum

walls

exhibited

hypertrophy

arrows

c

and

d

The

results

of

flourodeoxyglucose

FDG)-positron

emission

tomography

coincided

with

a

tumor

like

shadow

observed

in

CT

and

abnormal

accumulation

of

FDG

was

observed

The

maximum

standardized

uptake

value

was

elevated

at

arrows

c

Coronal

image

d

Sagittal

image

d

c


Figure 2 Histopathology of the murine ALTS1C1 brain tumors. (a) H&E stain of the coronal sections of ALTS1C1 tumor-bearing brain. Black arrows indicated the atypical multinucleic cells. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (b) Low field imaging shows the tumor invasion into the adjacent brain tissues. Necrotic regions (white line) were selected and quantified by ImagePro software. Scale bar ¼ 1 mm. IHC staining of the frozen sections of ALTS1C1 brain tumor by (c) CD31, (d) SDF-1, or (e) VEGFR-2 antibody. Scale bar ¼ 200 mm. (f) CD31-positive MVD in tumor core and tumor infiltration islands (n ¼ 6-12 fields per tumor of total five tumors; **Po0.01).

Figure

Histopathology

of

the

murine

brain

tumors

a

H&E

stain

of

the

coronal

sections

of

tumor

bearing

brain

Black

arrows

indicated

the

atypical

multinucleic

cells

Scale

bar

¼

mm

b

Low

field

imaging

shows

the

tumor

invasion

into

the

adjacent

brain

tissues

Necrotic

regions

white

line

were

selected

and

quantified

by

ImagePro

software

Scale

bar

¼

mm

IHC

staining

of

the

frozen

sections

of

brain

tumor

by

c

d

or

e

antibody

Scale

bar

¼

mm

f

MVD

in

tumor

core

and

tumor

infiltration

islands

n

¼

fields

per

tumor

of

total

five

tumors


Fig. 3 Imaging findings in Case 2. MRI at 4 days after admission showed high-intensity signal areas in the cerebellar vermis and the left cerebellar hemisphere on DWI (a, arrow), the loss of the proximal portion of the left PICA and dilatation of the adjacent distal portion on MRA (b, arrow), and a high-intensity signal area at the dilatation portion on T1-VISTA (c, arrow). A left vertebral angiogram at 8 days after admission showed the “pearl and string sign” at the proximal portion of the left PICA (d, arrow)

Fig

Imaging

findings

in

Case

MRI

at

days

after

admission

showed

high

intensity

signal

areas

in

the

cerebellar

vermis

and

the

left

cerebellar

hemisphere

on

DWI

a

arrow

the

loss

of

the

proximal

portion

of

the

left

PICA

and

dilatation

of

the

adjacent

distal

portion

on

MRA

b

arrow

and

a

high

intensity

signal

area

at

the

dilatation

portion

on

c

arrow

A

left

vertebral

angiogram

at

days

after

admission

showed

the

pearl

and

string

sign

at

the

proximal

portion

of

the

left

PICA

d

arrow


Fig. 5 MR Venography findings & CT Angiogram findings. MR Venography (right side) showed the extensive occlude lesions of IVC, both iliac veins, femoral veins, popliteal veins, anterior & posterior tibial veins and fibular veins. CT Angiogram (left side) showed normal arterial flow to both legs.

Fig

MR

Venography

findings

CT

Angiogram

findings

MR

Venography

right

side

showed

the

extensive

occlude

lesions

of

IVC

both

iliac

veins

femoral

veins

popliteal

veins

anterior

posterior

tibial

veins

and

fibular

veins

CT

Angiogram

left

side

showed

normal

arterial

flow

to

both

legs


Fig. 1. — T1 weighted axial (A) and T2 weighted axial (B) images showing retroperiteonal lipoma isointense to fat tissue. At the level of the hip joint herniation of the lesion to sciatic foramen and compression of the left sciatic nerve is observed (arrow: right sciatic nerve). C. Fat-suppressed postcontrast T1 weighted coronal image shows signal loss of the retroperiteonal lipoma. No postcontrast enhancement is observed in the lesion.

Fig

weighted

axial

A

and

weighted

axial

B

images

showing

retroperiteonal

lipoma

isointense

to

fat

tissue

At

the

level

of

the

hip

joint

herniation

of

the

lesion

to

sciatic

foramen

and

compression

of

the

left

sciatic

nerve

is

observed

arrow

right

sciatic

nerve

C.

Fat

suppressed

postcontrast

weighted

coronal

image

shows

signal

loss

of

the

retroperiteonal

lipoma

No

postcontrast

enhancement

is

observed

in

the

lesion


Fig. 4. Immunoreactivity results for cytochrome c (A-C), M30 (D-F), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) (G-I) in all experimental groups. (A) Very intense cytoplasmic immunolabeling in convoluted tubules in Group 1 (Ringer's lactate). (B) Very intense cytoplasmic immunolabeling in convoluted tubules in Group 2 (hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4). (C) Moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling in convoluted tubules in Group 3 (control). (D) Moderate immunolabeling in proximal convoluted tubules in Group 1. (E) Intense immunolabeling in collecting tubules in Group 2. (F) Absence of immunolabeling in collecting tubules in Group 3. (G) Weak immunostaining in convoluted tubules in Group 1. (H) Intense nuclear immunostaining in convoluted tubules in Group 2. (I) Negative immunostaining in Group 3. H&E stain (A-I). Scale bars = 25 m (A-C and G-I). 20× (D and F), 40× (E).

Fig

Immunoreactivity

results

for

cytochrome

c

A

C

D

F

and

terminal

deoxynucleotidyl

transferase

dUTP

nick

end

labeling

TUNEL

G

I

in

all

experimental

groups

A

Very

intense

cytoplasmic

immunolabeling

in

convoluted

tubules

in

Group

Ringer

's

lactate

B

Very

intense

cytoplasmic

immunolabeling

in

convoluted

tubules

in

Group

hydroxyethyl

starch

C

Moderate

cytoplasmic

immunolabeling

in

convoluted

tubules

in

Group

control

D

Moderate

immunolabeling

in

proximal

convoluted

tubules

in

Group

E

Intense

immunolabeling

in

collecting

tubules

in

Group

F

Absence

of

immunolabeling

in

collecting

tubules

in

Group

G

Weak

immunostaining

in

convoluted

tubules

in

Group

H

Intense

nuclear

immunostaining

in

convoluted

tubules

in

Group

I

Negative

immunostaining

in

Group

H&E

stain

A

I

Scale

bars

m

A

C

and

G

I

D

and

F

E


FIGURE 1. Serial sections of invasive papillary carcinoma in thyroid stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A) and immunostained by the rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody against human specific MK (B). A, this tumor displays a papillary pattern. Cancer cell has a ground glass nucleus with a nuclear groove (arrows). Capillaries in stromal tissues can be seen (arrowhead) (original magnification, 2303). B, the cytoplasm of cancer cells is positively stained with anti-MK antibody. Some cells are stained intensely (arrows). Capillaries and mesenchymal tissues (asterisks) were not stained (no counterstain; original magnification, 2303).

FIGURE

Serial

sections

of

invasive

papillary

carcinoma

in

thyroid

stained

with

hematoxylin

and

eosin

A

and

immunostained

by

the

rat

monoclonal

antibody

against

human

specific

MK

B

A

this

tumor

displays

a

papillary

pattern

Cancer

cell

has

a

ground

glass

nucleus

with

a

nuclear

groove

arrows

Capillaries

in

stromal

tissues

can

be

seen

arrowhead

original

magnification

B

the

cytoplasm

of

cancer

cells

is

positively

stained

with

anti

MK

antibody

Some

cells

are

stained

intensely

arrows

Capillaries

and

mesenchymal

tissues

asterisks

were

not

stained

no

counterstain

original

magnification


Figure 3 Brain MRI images and measurement of anatomical angles. One patient is shown in A–C and a second patient is shown in D–F. Midbrain-pons angles are shown in (B) and (E), which was defined as the angle between the line tangential to the anterior margin of the midbrain and the line tangential to the superior margin of pons based on the midline sagittal view of brain MRI; note the more severe diencephalicmesencephalic deformity with a ‘closed’ midbrain-pons angle in the second patient (E). The patients’ corresponding vG/SS angles (index of downward stretching) are shown in C and F.

Figure

Brain

MRI

images

and

measurement

of

anatomical

angles

One

patient

is

shown

in

A

C

and

a

second

patient

is

shown

in

D

F.

Midbrain

pons

angles

are

shown

in

B

and

E

which

was

defined

as

the

angle

between

the

line

tangential

to

the

anterior

margin

of

the

midbrain

and

the

line

tangential

to

the

superior

margin

of

pons

based

on

the

midline

sagittal

view

of

brain

MRI

note

the

more

severe

diencephalicmesencephalic

deformity

with

a

closed

midbrain

pons

angle

in

the

second

patient

E

The

patients

corresponding

vG

SS

angles

index

of

downward

stretching

are

shown

in

C

and

F.


Fig. 4. A: Sagittal T 1 -weighted MR image of the lumbar spine obtained in September 2001, revealing an isointense mass in the L5-S1 region (white arrowheads). B: Sagittal T 2 -weighted MR image of the lumbar spine demonstrating a high-intensity circumscribed mass in the L-5 region (black arrowheads). C: Illustration of the operative findings. After evacuating an easily aspirated mass (diagnosed as pilocytic astrocytoma), a circumscribed mass was demonstrated, which was diagnosed as a hematoma (black arrowheads). 1, nerve root identified through arachnoid membrane; 2, arachnoid membrane; 3, wall of the tumor; and 4, cavity of the tumor.

Fig

A

Sagittal

T

-weighted

MR

image

of

the

lumbar

spine

obtained

in

September

revealing

an

isointense

mass

in

the

region

white

arrowheads

B

Sagittal

T

-weighted

MR

image

of

the

lumbar

spine

demonstrating

a

high

intensity

circumscribed

mass

in

the

region

black

arrowheads

C

Illustration

of

the

operative

findings

After

evacuating

an

easily

aspirated

mass

diagnosed

as

pilocytic

astrocytoma

a

circumscribed

mass

was

demonstrated

which

was

diagnosed

as

a

hematoma

black

arrowheads

nerve

root

identified

through

arachnoid

membrane

arachnoid

membrane

wall

of

the

tumor

and

cavity

of

the

tumor


Figure 7. Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. 4- chamber and short axis views of De-CMR showing delayed enhancement of the free right ventricular wall. notes: The arrow indicates the area of delayed enhancement, which represents fibrofatty replacement. The figure on the right shows a significantly dilated Rv.

Figure

Delayed

enhancement

magnetic

resonance

imaging

chamber

and

short

axis

views

of

De

CMR

showing

delayed

enhancement

of

the

free

right

ventricular

wall

notes

The

arrow

indicates

the

area

of

delayed

enhancement

which

represents

fibrofatty

replacement

The

figure

on

the

right

shows

a

significantly

dilated

Rv


Fig. 7. TUNEL labeling of the sling. Coronal cryostat sections at 10 µm were labeled using TUNEL and an FITC secondary antibody. TUNEL-positive cells were present within the sling at E17 and E18 (arrows in A and B respectively) but no TUNEL-positive cells were present at P0 (C) or P3 (D), despite the continuing generation of the sling cells at these ages (see Fig. 3). Even at P5 (E) and P10 (F) when the sling structure disappears there is no TUNEL labeling. Scale bar: 200 µm in all panels.

Fig

TUNEL

labeling

of

the

sling

Coronal

cryostat

sections

at

µm

were

labeled

using

TUNEL

and

an

FITC

secondary

antibody

TUNEL

positive

cells

were

present

within

the

sling

at

and

arrows

in

A

and

B

respectively

but

no

TUNEL

positive

cells

were

present

at

C

or

D

despite

the

continuing

generation

of

the

sling

cells

at

these

ages

see

Fig

Even

at

E

and

F

when

the

sling

structure

disappears

there

is

no

TUNEL

labeling

Scale

bar

µm

in

all

panels


Figure 4. A: An injection of Alexa Fluor 488 dextran in NL at about the middle level along the medial-lateral axis. The tracer distributed throughout the dorsal (rostral) to the ventral (caudal) part of NL at this level. The asterisk marks the approximate injection center. The injection site involved the axons of NM. Retrograde labeling of cell bodies in NM is shown. B: A bright field counterpart of panel A shows the localization of NL and NM. The NM border is indicated by arrowheads. Scale bar = 100 mm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079297.g004

Figure

A

An

injection

of

Alexa

Fluor

dextran

in

NL

at

about

the

middle

level

along

the

medial

lateral

axis

The

tracer

distributed

throughout

the

dorsal

rostral

to

the

ventral

caudal

part

of

NL

at

this

level

The

asterisk

marks

the

approximate

injection

center

The

injection

site

involved

the

axons

of

NM

Retrograde

labeling

of

cell

bodies

in

NM

is

shown

B

A

bright

field

counterpart

of

panel

A

shows

the

localization

of

NL

and

NM

The

NM

border

is

indicated

by

arrowheads

Scale

bar

mm


Figure 4. Ictal and interictal cerebellar metabolism in patient 19 with ATP1A2 mutation. Compared with interictal PET (low panels), ictal images (upper panels) show significant hypometabolism in bilateral cerebellar hemispheres.

Figure

Ictal

and

interictal

cerebellar

metabolism

in

patient

with

mutation

Compared

with

interictal

PET

low

panels

ictal

images

upper

panels

show

significant

hypometabolism

in

bilateral

cerebellar

hemispheres


Fig. 4.-0steochondritis dissecans with free condylar fragment in 36-year-old man with temporomandibular joint pain for 4 months before imaging and intermittent pain, crepitus, and locking at time of imaging. A, Sagittal closed-mouth image, 600/20, through mid condyle reveals sharply defined posterior condylar defect (black arrow) and normal meniscus (curved arrow). B, Image through medial pole of condyle (c) reveals viable condylar fragment (arrow) with mildly diminished signal. Joint exploration advised; patient refused surgery.

Fig

dissecans

with

free

condylar

fragment

in

old

man

with

temporomandibular

joint

pain

for

months

before

imaging

and

intermittent

pain

crepitus

and

locking

at

time

of

imaging

A

Sagittal

closed

mouth

image

through

mid

condyle

reveals

sharply

defined

posterior

condylar

defect

black

arrow

and

normal

meniscus

curved

arrow

B

Image

through

medial

pole

of

condyle

c

reveals

viable

condylar

fragment

arrow

with

mildly

diminished

signal

Joint

exploration

advised

patient

refused

surgery


Fig. 1. (A) Initial abdominal plain x-ray showed dilated low intensity with gas formation in the gastric and large intestine region. (B) Supine abdominal plain x-ray revealed the fixed haustral gas formation despite the decompression with gastric and rectal tube insertion. (C) No contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan showed dilated bowel with air-fluid level in the right lower abdomen.

Fig

A

Initial

abdominal

plain

x

ray

showed

dilated

low

intensity

with

gas

formation

in

the

gastric

and

large

intestine

region

B

Supine

abdominal

plain

x

ray

revealed

the

fixed

haustral

gas

formation

despite

the

decompression

with

gastric

and

rectal

tube

insertion

C

No

contrast

enhanced

abdominal

computed

tomography

scan

showed

dilated

bowel

with

air

fluid

level

in

the

right

lower

abdomen


Figure 3 (A-E): 11 year old male child presented with Stage II of Idiopathic Chondrolysis of Hip, who presented with chronic right hip pain. (A) Fat suppressed coronal T2 weighted image shows a wedge shaped hyperintensity in the right femoral head. Acetabular oedema seen around the triradiate cartilage involving ilium and ischium. Joint effusion and synovial thickening are also seen. (B) Fat suppressed axial T2 weighted image shows a wedge shaped hyperintensity in the right femoral head. Acetabular oedema seen around the triradiate cartilage involving ilium and ischium. Joint effusion and synovial thickening are also seen. (C) Coronal T1weighted image shows wedge shaped hypointensity in the right femoral head. (D and E) Radiographs shows pelvic tilt, diffuse right hip joint space narrowing, periarticular osteopaenia without femoral head deformity and advanced degenerative changes D

Figure

A

E

year

old

male

child

presented

with

Stage

II

of

Idiopathic

Chondrolysis

of

Hip

who

presented

with

chronic

right

hip

pain

A

Fat

suppressed

coronal

weighted

image

shows

a

wedge

shaped

hyperintensity

in

the

right

femoral

head

Acetabular

oedema

seen

around

the

triradiate

cartilage

involving

ilium

and

ischium

Joint

effusion

and

synovial

thickening

are

also

seen

B

Fat

suppressed

axial

weighted

image

shows

a

wedge

shaped

hyperintensity

in

the

right

femoral

head

Acetabular

oedema

seen

around

the

triradiate

cartilage

involving

ilium

and

ischium

Joint

effusion

and

synovial

thickening

are

also

seen

C

Coronal

image

shows

wedge

shaped

hypointensity

in

the

right

femoral

head

D

and

E

Radiographs

shows

pelvic

tilt

diffuse

right

hip

joint

space

narrowing

periarticular

osteopaenia

without

femoral

head

deformity

and

advanced

degenerative

changes

D


Figure 5. a–d. Examples of axial reformats demonstrating low-quality contrast-enhanced renal CTA studies necessary to reliably exclude renal artery thrombosis and stenosis. Panels (a) and (b) show early arterial timing of low nonhomogeneous contrast opacification below the 211 HU threshold in the renal arteries, while renal veins and inferior vena cava demonstrate opacification below 50 HU. Panels (c) and (d) show late arterial timing with low nonhomogeneous contrast opacification below the 211 HU threshold in the renal arteries; both renal veins and inferior vena cava demonstrate opacification above 147 HU.

Figure

a

d

Examples

of

axial

reformats

demonstrating

low

quality

contrast

enhanced

renal

CTA

studies

necessary

to

reliably

exclude

renal

artery

thrombosis

and

stenosis

Panels

a

and

b

show

early

arterial

timing

of

low

nonhomogeneous

contrast

opacification

below

the

HU

threshold

in

the

renal

arteries

while

renal

veins

and

inferior

vena

cava

demonstrate

opacification

below

HU

Panels

c

and

d

show

late

arterial

timing

with

low

nonhomogeneous

contrast

opacification

below

the

HU

threshold

in

the

renal

arteries

both

renal

veins

and

inferior

vena

cava

demonstrate

opacification

above

HU


Fig. 2 CT pure axial images showing examples of extracardiac diseases. a Axial image at the supra-diaphragmatic level showing a large hiatal hernia (arrow) extending into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm (arrowheads). b Axial image with lung window, at the heart level, showing pulmonary consolidation (asterisk) with air bronchogram in the posterior-basal segment of the right lung. c Axial image with lung window, at the pulmonary artery bifurcation level, showing a significant anterior mainly para-mediastinal pneumothorax (asterisk) of the left lung

Fig

CT

pure

axial

images

showing

examples

of

extracardiac

diseases

a

Axial

image

at

the

supra

diaphragmatic

level

showing

a

large

hiatal

hernia

arrow

extending

into

the

thoracic

cavity

through

the

esophageal

hiatus

of

the

diaphragm

arrowheads

b

Axial

image

with

lung

window

at

the

heart

level

showing

pulmonary

consolidation

asterisk

with

air

bronchogram

in

the

posterior

basal

segment

of

the

right

lung

c

Axial

image

with

lung

window

at

the

pulmonary

artery

bifurcation

level

showing

a

significant

anterior

mainly

para

mediastinal

pneumothorax

asterisk

of

the

left

lung


Figure 2. A, Indirect immunohistochemistry with confocal microscopy–enhanced imaging illustrates the positive staining (arrows) localized along the inner nuclear and nerve fiber layers. Very faint staining was also noted along the outer nuclear layers. This reaction was obtained using serum from patient 1 as the primary antibody and goat antihuman Cy3 red color as the secondary antibody on a healthy, unfixed, frozen human retina. B, There was no reaction using serum from a healthy control as the primary antibody and goat antihuman Cy3 red color as the secondary antibody on a healthy unfixed, frozen human retina (blue, 4 ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining for nuclei; green, autofluorescent staining for retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin; original magnification 150).

Figure

A

Indirect

immunohistochemistry

with

confocal

microscopy

enhanced

imaging

illustrates

the

positive

staining

arrows

localized

along

the

inner

nuclear

and

nerve

fiber

layers

Very

faint

staining

was

also

noted

along

the

outer

nuclear

layers

This

reaction

was

obtained

using

serum

from

patient

as

the

primary

antibody

and

goat

antihuman

red

color

as

the

secondary

antibody

on

a

healthy

unfixed

frozen

human

retina

B

There

was

no

reaction

using

serum

from

a

healthy

control

as

the

primary

antibody

and

goat

antihuman

red

color

as

the

secondary

antibody

on

a

healthy

unfixed

frozen

human

retina

blue

dihydrochloride

staining

for

nuclei

green

autofluorescent

staining

for

retinal

pigment

epithelium

lipofuscin

original

magnification


Figure 3. Ultrastructural analysis of the Chromatoid body formation in R. philippinarum (TEM). (A) Cytoplasmic area around the Chromatoid body (Cb) in an early spermatid (1 mm bar); nu – nucleus; g – Golgi apparatus. (B) A detail from A showing the region among nucleus, mitochondria (m) and the Cb (250 nm bar). (C) A detail of B: nuclear material outflows from a nuclear pore (np) and a polyribosome formed by ribosomes of two different sizes is visible, the smallest are indicated by an arrow (250 nm bar). (D) The Cb is located close to the nuclear membrane and surrounded by empty mitochondria, some of which showing extruded cristae (c) (500 nm bar). arrow – polyribosome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028194.g003

Figure

Ultrastructural

analysis

of

the

Chromatoid

body

formation

in

R.

philippinarum

TEM

A

Cytoplasmic

area

around

the

Chromatoid

body

Cb

in

an

early

spermatid

mm

bar

nu

nucleus

g

Golgi

apparatus

B

A

detail

from

A

showing

the

region

among

nucleus

mitochondria

m

and

the

Cb

nm

bar

C

A

detail

of

B

nuclear

material

outflows

from

a

nuclear

pore

np

and

a

polyribosome

formed

by

ribosomes

of

two

different

sizes

is

visible

the

smallest

are

indicated

by

an

arrow

nm

bar

D

The

Cb

is

located

close

to

the

nuclear

membrane

and

surrounded

by

empty

mitochondria

some

of

which

showing

extruded

cristae

c

nm

bar

arrow

polyribosome


Fig. 2 A: Chest X-ray demonstrated the rise of the density (arrows) in right side thorax due to the chest wall collapse. B : Postoperative chest X-ray demonstrated that improvement of this density rising in right side thorax.

Fig

A

Chest

X

ray

demonstrated

the

rise

of

the

density

arrows

in

right

side

thorax

due

to

the

chest

wall

collapse

B

Postoperative

chest

X

ray

demonstrated

that

improvement

of

this

density

rising

in

right

side

thorax


Fig. 4. Loss of the notochord and formation of the vertebral column were defective in Hsp47 cKO embryos. Sagittal sections of the sacral vertebral column of E14.5-18.5 and neonatal (P0) Hsp47 flox/flox control (A,C,E,G) and Hsp47 cKO (Hsp47 flox/flox ; Col2a1-Cre) (B,D,F,H) mice were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. In control mice, the notochord gradually expanded at the intervertebral disc areas to form a nucleus pulposus (np) and vanished within the vertebral bodies (vb; A,C,E,G). In Hsp47 cKO mice the notochord was still present at E14.5 (B), and disorganized vertebral discs and vertebral bodies were observed at later stages (F,H). n, notochord; np, nucleus pulposus; vb, vertebral body. The arrowhead indicates the acellular notochordal tube. Scale bar: 100 mm.

Fig

Loss

of

the

notochord

and

formation

of

the

vertebral

column

were

defective

in

cKO

embryos

Sagittal

sections

of

the

sacral

vertebral

column

of

and

neonatal

flox

flox

control

A

C

E

G

and

cKO

flox

flox

B

D

F

H

mice

were

stained

with

Hematoxylin

and

Eosin

In

control

mice

the

notochord

gradually

expanded

at

the

intervertebral

disc

areas

to

form

a

nucleus

pulposus

np

and

vanished

within

the

vertebral

bodies

vb

A

C

E

G

In

cKO

mice

the

notochord

was

still

present

at

B

and

disorganized

vertebral

discs

and

vertebral

bodies

were

observed

at

later

stages

F

H

n

notochord

np

nucleus

pulposus

vb

vertebral

body

The

arrowhead

indicates

the

acellular

notochordal

tube

Scale

bar

mm


Figure 2. A CT scan of the chest demonstrate a thick-walled cavity and a mass with small nodular shadows in the right lower lobe (A). A wedge shaped subpleural consolidation is demonstrated in the right middle lobe as well as mosaic perfusion patterns in the bilateral lung fields (B). CT pulmonary angiography reveals mural thrombi in the bilateral main pulmonary arteries (C, D).

Figure

A

CT

scan

of

the

chest

demonstrate

a

thick

walled

cavity

and

a

mass

with

small

nodular

shadows

in

the

right

lower

lobe

A

A

wedge

shaped

subpleural

consolidation

is

demonstrated

in

the

right

middle

lobe

as

well

as

mosaic

perfusion

patterns

in

the

bilateral

lung

fields

B

CT

pulmonary

angiography

reveals

mural

thrombi

in

the

bilateral

main

pulmonary

arteries

C

D


Figure 1A & B: (A) Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the patient, axial view, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, showing hyper-intense lesions involving the right basal ganglia, left basal ganglia, left internal capsule and left thalamus. (B) Coronal view, gadolinium enhanced brain MRI scan of the patient showing abnormal vessels enhancement in the left basal ganglia.

Figure

B

A

Brain

magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

scan

of

the

patient

axial

view

fluid

attenuated

inversion

recovery

FLAIR

sequence

showing

hyper

intense

lesions

involving

the

right

basal

ganglia

left

basal

ganglia

left

internal

capsule

and

left

thalamus

B

Coronal

view

gadolinium

enhanced

brain

MRI

scan

of

the

patient

showing

abnormal

vessels

enhancement

in

the

left

basal

ganglia


Fig. 3 T3 vertebral body bone lesion from patient #5 which was occult on contrast-enhanced CT of the chest (a), but demonstrated moderate radiotracer uptake (SUVmax 2.6) when imaged with 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT (b) (arrowheads)

Fig

vertebral

body

bone

lesion

from

patient

which

was

occult

on

contrast

enhanced

CT

of

the

chest

a

but

demonstrated

moderate

radiotracer

uptake

SUVmax

when

imaged

with

DCFPyL

PET

CT

b

arrowheads


Figure 6. Infant female with sirenomelia. Postpartum photo (left) and radiograph (right) demonstrate fused and abnormally positioned legs with flipper/mermaid deformity.

Figure

Infant

female

with

sirenomelia

Postpartum

photo

left

and

radiograph

right

demonstrate

fused

and

abnormally

positioned

legs

with

flipper

mermaid

deformity


Fig. 4. (A) Bent or globoid elastic fibers and rare fibroblasts are visible in imaging degenerated with eosinophilic thick collagen (H&E, Â200). (B) Extending and globoid elastic fibers observed using Verhoeffevan Gieson's histochemical dye.

Fig

A

Bent

or

globoid

elastic

fibers

and

rare

fibroblasts

are

visible

in

imaging

degenerated

with

eosinophilic

thick

collagen

H&E

B

Extending

and

globoid

elastic

fibers

observed

using

Verhoeffevan

Gieson

's

histochemical

dye


Figure 3. Bilateral endometriomas, solid endometriosis of the posterior uterus, and left-sided peritoneal inclusion cyst in a 43-year-old woman. (a, b) Axial T1-weighted in-phase (a) and fat-suppressed opposed-phase (b) gradientecho MR images show bilateral hyperintense adnexal lesions (arrows) that retain high signal intensity with fat suppression. A peritoneal inclusion cyst ( * ) is also shown posterior to the uterus (U). Susceptibility artifacts anterior to the rectus muscles (arrowheads in a) indicate that the patient has undergone a previous surgical procedure. (c) Axial T2-weighted MR image shows shading within the bilateral endometriomas (straight arrows). The normal endometrial complex and junctional zone are shown in the anterior uterus (arrowheads). The posterior uterus is markedly enlarged by poorly marginated soft tissue (E) with low T2 signal intensity and scattered internal 1-2-mm foci of higher signal intensity (curved arrow) representing infiltration of solid endometriosis into the uterine wall. Loculated fluid posterior to the left ovary represents the peritoneal inclusion cyst ( * ).

Figure

Bilateral

endometriomas

solid

endometriosis

of

the

posterior

uterus

and

left

sided

peritoneal

inclusion

cyst

in

a

old

woman

a

b

Axial

in

phase

a

and

fat

suppressed

opposed

phase

b

gradientecho

MR

images

show

bilateral

hyperintense

adnexal

lesions

arrows

that

retain

high

signal

intensity

with

fat

suppression

A

peritoneal

inclusion

cyst

is

also

shown

posterior

to

the

uterus

U

Susceptibility

artifacts

anterior

to

the

rectus

muscles

arrowheads

in

a

indicate

that

the

patient

has

undergone

a

previous

surgical

procedure

c

Axial

MR

image

shows

shading

within

the

bilateral

endometriomas

straight

arrows

The

normal

endometrial

complex

and

junctional

zone

are

shown

in

the

anterior

uterus

arrowheads

The

posterior

uterus

is

markedly

enlarged

by

poorly

marginated

soft

tissue

E

with

low

signal

intensity

and

scattered

internal

foci

of

higher

signal

intensity

curved

arrow

representing

infiltration

of

solid

endometriosis

into

the

uterine

wall

Loculated

fluid

posterior

to

the

left

ovary

represents

the

peritoneal

inclusion

cyst


Figure 3: (a) Postmortem CT and (b-d) and arterial phase postmortem CT angiography images in a 59-year-old woman who died of internal exsanguination shortly after Whipple surgery. (a) A large left-sided hemothorax with mediastinal shift to the right. During the surgery, supraceliac clamping of the abdominal aorta was performed to stop intraperitoneal bleeding. The clamp was later loosened but left in place (arrow in b). The fatal hemothorax was caused by hemorrhage from the left 11th intercostal artery, which was torn near its origin from the aorta just above the diaphragm during placement of the clamp. The contrast media extravasation from the artery's origin, reaching cranially into the thorax (arrows in b, c, and d), is displayed on arterial phase postmortem CT angiographic images (c and d). This finding may have been difficult to detect at autopsy because of the small size and location of the vessel. In this case it could not be displayed at autopsy because of large amounts of intraperitoneal and intrathoracic clotted blood, and multiple previous abdominal operations with extensive scar tissue formation and adhesions.

Figure

a

Postmortem

CT

and

b

d

and

arterial

phase

postmortem

CT

angiography

images

in

a

old

woman

who

died

of

internal

exsanguination

shortly

after

Whipple

surgery

a

A

large

left

sided

hemothorax

with

mediastinal

shift

to

the

right

During

the

surgery

supraceliac

clamping

of

the

abdominal

aorta

was

performed

to

stop

intraperitoneal

bleeding

The

clamp

was

later

loosened

but

left

in

place

arrow

in

b

The

fatal

hemothorax

was

caused

by

hemorrhage

from

the

left

intercostal

artery

which

was

torn

near

its

origin

from

the

aorta

just

above

the

diaphragm

during

placement

of

the

clamp

The

contrast

media

extravasation

from

the

artery

's

origin

reaching

cranially

into

the

thorax

arrows

in

b

c

and

d

is

displayed

on

arterial

phase

postmortem

CT

angiographic

images

c

and

d

This

finding

may

have

been

difficult

to

detect

at

autopsy

because

of

the

small

size

and

location

of

the

vessel

In

this

case

it

could

not

be

displayed

at

autopsy

because

of

large

amounts

of

intraperitoneal

and

intrathoracic

clotted

blood

and

multiple

previous

abdominal

operations

with

extensive

scar

tissue

formation

and

adhesions


Figure 1. (A) Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) short-axis view of the aortic valve shows round echo-density mass (*), between the left and noncoronary cusps, in proximity to the left main ostium. (B) TEE long-axis view of the aortic valve as well as the ascending aorta demonstrates papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) location. (C) PFE noted on 3-dimensional TEE long-axis view of the aortic valve, aortic root, and ascending aorta. (D) T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirms the density noted in the aortic root, attached to the sinotubular junction. (E) Computed tomography image of a prior scan suggestive of a mass in the aortic root.

Figure

A

Transesophageal

echocardiogram

TEE

short

axis

view

of

the

aortic

valve

shows

round

echo

density

mass

between

the

left

and

noncoronary

cusps

in

proximity

to

the

left

main

ostium

B

TEE

long

axis

view

of

the

aortic

valve

as

well

as

the

ascending

aorta

demonstrates

papillary

fibroelastoma

PFE

location

C

PFE

noted

on

TEE

long

axis

view

of

the

aortic

valve

aortic

root

and

ascending

aorta

D

cardiac

magnetic

resonance

imaging

confirms

the

density

noted

in

the

aortic

root

attached

to

the

sinotubular

junction

E

Computed

tomography

image

of

a

prior

scan

suggestive

of

a

mass

in

the

aortic

root


Figure 1 Immunohistochemical staining with D07 monoclonal antibody. A Intense nuclear staining. B greater than 75% TP53 nuclear reactivity (diffuse pattern)

Figure

Immunohistochemical

staining

with

monoclonal

antibody

A

Intense

nuclear

staining

B

greater

than

nuclear

reactivity

diffuse

pattern


Figure 2 Coronary microvascular dysfunction in the absence of atherosclerosis in a 58-year-old man with atypical angina pectoris, history of smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, and ischaemia on exercise ECG. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) during adenosine stress was moderately reduced in all vessel areas (A, global MBF 1.9 mL/g/min). MBF at rest was homogenously distributed (B) and CFR was reduced being 2.2. Coronary CT angiography images show the absence of atherosclerosis in the left anterior descending (C) and circumflex (D) arteries and the right coronary artery (E). Invasive coronary angiogram shows non-obstructed left (F) and right (G) coronary arteries.

Figure

Coronary

microvascular

dysfunction

in

the

absence

of

atherosclerosis

in

a

old

man

with

atypical

angina

pectoris

history

of

smoking

family

history

of

coronary

artery

disease

and

ischaemia

on

exercise

ECG

Myocardial

blood

flow

MBF

during

adenosine

stress

was

moderately

reduced

in

all

vessel

areas

A

global

MBF

mL

g

min

MBF

at

rest

was

homogenously

distributed

B

and

CFR

was

reduced

being

Coronary

CT

angiography

images

show

the

absence

of

atherosclerosis

in

the

left

anterior

descending

C

and

circumflex

D

arteries

and

the

right

coronary

artery

E

Invasive

coronary

angiogram

shows

non

obstructed

left

F

and

right

G

coronary

arteries


Fig. 2. a High magnification of the hyposignal in the hippocampus on a T2*-weighted GRE MRI sequence. b Iron deposits (arrows) in the hippocampus on the corresponding histological section of the hippocampus, stained with hematoxylin-eosin.

Fig

a

High

magnification

of

the

hyposignal

in

the

hippocampus

on

a

-weighted

GRE

MRI

sequence

b

Iron

deposits

arrows

in

the

hippocampus

on

the

corresponding

histological

section

of

the

hippocampus

stained

with

hematoxylin

eosin


Fig. 1. A 58-year-old female patient with sporadic CJD. 1A: Reduced diffusion is noted in the parasagittal cortices bilaterally as well as the basal ganglia, with additional involvement of the thalami, specifically pulvinar nuclei (arrowheads). 1B: On FLAIR, hyperintensity is noted only in the bilateral parasagittal cerebral cortices.

Fig

A

old

female

patient

with

sporadic

CJD

Reduced

diffusion

is

noted

in

the

parasagittal

cortices

bilaterally

as

well

as

the

basal

ganglia

with

additional

involvement

of

the

thalami

specifically

pulvinar

nuclei

arrowheads

On

FLAIR

hyperintensity

is

noted

only

in

the

bilateral

parasagittal

cerebral

cortices


Figure 2 The disease phenotype: (a,b) Dysmorphic features seen in two of the affected individuals IV-4 at (a) and V-1 (b) at ages 5 and 9 months and 6 years, respectively. (c) Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of an affected individual V-1. Sagital T2 image demonstrates partial agenesis of corpus calosum and inferior vermis hypoplasia with moderately enlarged fourth ventricle cyst. (d) Sagital T2 fetal MRI at 25 weeks of gestation (individual IV5), showing severe hypoplasia of the vermis and cerebellum with enlarged retrocerebellar cistern.

Figure

The

disease

phenotype

a

b

Dysmorphic

features

seen

in

two

of

the

affected

individuals

at

a

and

b

at

ages

and

months

and

years

respectively

c

Brain

magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

of

an

affected

individual

Sagital

image

demonstrates

partial

agenesis

of

corpus

calosum

and

inferior

vermis

hypoplasia

with

moderately

enlarged

fourth

ventricle

cyst

d

Sagital

fetal

MRI

at

weeks

of

gestation

individual

showing

severe

hypoplasia

of

the

vermis

and

cerebellum

with

enlarged

retrocerebellar

cistern


Fig. 3. Coronary multi-detector CT findings. Anomalous coronary arteriovenous fistulas from proximal left main artery to pulmonary artery (A), proximal left anterior descending artery to pulmonary artery (B), proximal right coronary artery to pulmonary artery (C).

Fig

Coronary

multi

detector

CT

findings

Anomalous

coronary

arteriovenous

fistulas

from

proximal

left

main

artery

to

pulmonary

artery

A

proximal

left

anterior

descending

artery

to

pulmonary

artery

B

proximal

right

coronary

artery

to

pulmonary

artery

C


Figure 3. MEMRI was more sensitive for detecting early-stage MB than conventional T2w MRI. Representative examples are shown for wild-type (A, B, E, and F) and Ptch1-CKO mice (C, D, G, and H) scanned with both non-contrast T2w RARE (left panels; A, C, E, and G) and post-contrast T1w MEMRI sequences (right panels; B, D, F, and H). These images show improved tissue contrast in MEMRI compared to RARE images and show higher sensitivity for visualization of tumor tissue (*) using MEMRI (D) compared to RARE (C), especially for detection of early pretumoral lesions with MEMRI (H, arrowheads), which could not be detected with RARE (G). Scale bars, 1 mm.

Figure

MEMRI

was

more

sensitive

for

detecting

early

stage

MB

than

conventional

MRI

Representative

examples

are

shown

for

wild

type

A

B

E

and

F

and

mice

C

D

G

and

H

scanned

with

both

non

contrast

RARE

left

panels

A

C

E

and

G

and

post

contrast

MEMRI

sequences

right

panels

B

D

F

and

H

These

images

show

improved

tissue

contrast

in

MEMRI

compared

to

RARE

images

and

show

higher

sensitivity

for

visualization

of

tumor

tissue

using

MEMRI

D

compared

to

RARE

C

especially

for

detection

of

early

pretumoral

lesions

with

MEMRI

H

arrowheads

which

could

not

be

detected

with

RARE

G

Scale

bars

mm


Fig. 2 Primary styloidectomy followed by stenting: Axial CT scan after intravenous contrast at the C1 level show (A) the jugular veins (simple arrows) narrowed between the styloid processes (block arrows) and lateral masses of C1 (asterisks). (B) Following styloidectomy there is a locule of air at the site of resection (block arrow). (C) Following stenting the stent (simple arrow) dilates the internal jugular vein. CT, computed tomography.

Fig

Primary

styloidectomy

followed

by

stenting

Axial

CT

scan

after

intravenous

contrast

at

the

level

show

A

the

jugular

veins

simple

arrows

narrowed

between

the

styloid

processes

block

arrows

and

lateral

masses

of

asterisks

B

Following

styloidectomy

there

is

a

locule

of

air

at

the

site

of

resection

block

arrow

C

Following

stenting

the

stent

simple

arrow

dilates

the

internal

jugular

vein

CT

computed

tomography


Fig. 1 Retinal complications after glaucoma surgery: ultrasound B-scan showing supra-choroidal haemorrhage (a); blebitis with hypopyon (b); fundus image in endophthalmitis (c); ultrasound biomicroscopic (UBM) image showing anterior rotation of ciliary body in malignant glaucoma (arrow) (d), cilio-choroidal detachment (arrow-head) (e); fundus image showing choroidal detachment (f); red free image showing retinal folds in hypotony maculopathy (g)

Fig

Retinal

complications

after

glaucoma

surgery

ultrasound

B

scan

showing

supra

choroidal

haemorrhage

a

blebitis

with

hypopyon

b

fundus

image

in

endophthalmitis

c

ultrasound

biomicroscopic

UBM

image

showing

anterior

rotation

of

ciliary

body

in

malignant

glaucoma

arrow

d

cilio

choroidal

detachment

arrow

head

e

fundus

image

showing

choroidal

detachment

f

red

free

image

showing

retinal

folds

in

hypotony

maculopathy

g


Fig. 6 Lateral compartment of male participants with a full thickness cartilage damage of the lateral femur and tibia and b) without cartilage lesions depicted using sagittal 3D VIBE MRI

Fig

Lateral

compartment

of

male

participants

with

a

full

thickness

cartilage

damage

of

the

lateral

femur

and

tibia

and

b

without

cartilage

lesions

depicted

using

sagittal

VIBE

MRI


Fig. 1. (A) Preoperative radiograph of 77 years old female shows stable femoral neck fracture (Garden type 1). (B) Radiograph taken 29 months after internal fixation with cannulated screws shows well united fracture site but decreased horizontal shortening more than 6.5 mm compared to opposite femur. The horizontal shortening was measured as the difference of length from medial border of femoral head to lateral border of greater trochanter between contralateral femur (b) and ipsilateral femur (a).

Fig

A

Preoperative

radiograph

of

years

old

female

shows

stable

femoral

neck

fracture

Garden

type

B

Radiograph

taken

months

after

internal

fixation

with

cannulated

screws

shows

well

united

fracture

site

but

decreased

horizontal

shortening

more

than

mm

compared

to

opposite

femur

The

horizontal

shortening

was

measured

as

the

difference

of

length

from

medial

border

of

femoral

head

to

lateral

border

of

greater

trochanter

between

contralateral

femur

b

and

ipsilateral

femur

a


Figure 1. Endoscopic images of Case 1. Multiple white spots are seen in the gastric fornix (a) and body (b). Magnifying endoscopy observation (c) and blue laser imaging (d) show deposition of slightly elevated, round, white substance and microvasculature on its surface, which are consistent with reported features of white globe appearance.

Figure

Endoscopic

images

of

Case

Multiple

white

spots

are

seen

in

the

gastric

fornix

a

and

body

b

Magnifying

endoscopy

observation

c

and

blue

laser

imaging

d

show

deposition

of

slightly

elevated

round

white

substance

and

microvasculature

on

its

surface

which

are

consistent

with

reported

features

of

white

globe

appearance