Figure 3. Pathology of pericardium and computed tomography (CT) images at 4 months and 1 year after surgical resection. (A) Tissue from the pericardium and adjacent atrium strained with hematoxylin and eosin staining (original magnification: left panel, x50; and right panel, x100) revealed diffuse infiltration of the pericardium by epithelioid cells in papillary arrangements. The tumor cells were characterized by abundant cytoplasm, prominent nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuoles. (B) No pericardial effusion and little pleural effusion were observed at 4 months after the operation on contrast-enhanced CT (left panel, lung window; and right panel, mediastinal window). (C) Multiple lung metastases and a large pleural effusion were found at 1 year postoperatively (left panel, lung window; and right panel, mediastinal window).

Figure

Pathology

of

pericardium

and

computed

tomography

CT

images

at

months

and

year

after

surgical

resection

A

Tissue

from

the

pericardium

and

adjacent

atrium

strained

with

hematoxylin

and

eosin

staining

original

magnification

left

panel

and

right

panel

revealed

diffuse

infiltration

of

the

pericardium

by

epithelioid

cells

in

papillary

arrangements

The

tumor

cells

were

characterized

by

abundant

cytoplasm

prominent

nuclei

and

cytoplasmic

vacuoles

B

No

pericardial

effusion

and

little

pleural

effusion

were

observed

at

months

after

the

operation

on

contrast

enhanced

CT

left

panel

lung

window

and

right

panel

mediastinal

window

C

Multiple

lung

metastases

and

a

large

pleural

effusion

were

found

at

year

postoperatively

left

panel

lung

window

and

right

panel

mediastinal

window


Fig. 1. Patient 63: A 22 yrs old male, presenting with medically refractory temporal lobe seizures, showing a left temporal lesion with peri-lesional hypointense signal in T2-weighted axial (A), coronal (B) MRI scans as well as in the T1-weighted saggital MPRAGE sequence (C) (postoperative histology: ganglioglioma WHO Grade I). Preoperative neuronavigation plan and projection of the lesion on to the skin (D) before beginning of surgery: The photograph demonstrates the projection of the segmented tumour volume (green lines) onto the skin of the left temporal region, just in front of the external auditory canal (left side), zygoma on the top. Black line represents the base of the question mark temporal skin incision. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)

Fig

Patient

A

yrs

old

male

presenting

with

medically

refractory

temporal

lobe

seizures

showing

a

left

temporal

lesion

with

peri

lesional

hypointense

signal

in

axial

A

coronal

B

MRI

scans

as

well

as

in

the

saggital

MPRAGE

sequence

C

postoperative

histology

ganglioglioma

WHO

Grade

I

Preoperative

neuronavigation

plan

and

projection

of

the

lesion

on

to

the

skin

D

before

beginning

of

surgery

The

photograph

demonstrates

the

projection

of

the

segmented

tumour

volume

green

lines

onto

the

skin

of

the

left

temporal

region

just

in

front

of

the

external

auditory

canal

left

side

zygoma

on

the

top

Black

line

represents

the

base

of

the

question

mark

temporal

skin

incision

For

interpretation

of

the

references

to

colour

in

this

figure

legend

the

reader

is

referred

to

the

web

version

of

the

article


Figure 2. Possible cerebral microinfarct (CMI) at 7.0 T in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A possible cortical CMI in a 76-year-old nondemented male is represented as a hyperintense cortical lesion on a fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) (A; 0.8 Â 0.8 Â 0.8 mm 3 ) and a T 2 weighted (B; 0.7 Â 0.7 Â 0.7 mm 3 ), and as a hypointense lesion on a T 1 weighted (C; 1.0 Â 1.0 Â 1.0 mm 3 ) magnetic resonance (MR) image on a sagittal view of the brain. Scale bar indicates 4 mm.

Figure

Possible

cerebral

microinfarct

CMI

at

T

in

vivo

magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

A

possible

cortical

CMI

in

a

old

nondemented

male

is

represented

as

a

hyperintense

cortical

lesion

on

a

fluid

attenuated

inversion

recovery

FLAIR

A

Â

Â

mm

and

a

T

weighted

B

Â

Â

mm

and

as

a

hypointense

lesion

on

a

T

weighted

C

Â

Â

mm

magnetic

resonance

MR

image

on

a

sagittal

view

of

the

brain

Scale

bar

indicates

mm


Figure 6. Expression of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) tumor antigen (T antigen) proteins in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). (a) Immunostaining with anti-MCV large T antigen (LT) shows nests of MCC tumor cells infiltrating the dermis (20× magnification). (b) Oil emersion demonstrates the robust expression of MCV LT localized to the nuclear compartment of tumor cells (100× magnification). (c,d) Differential expression of LT and small T antigen (sT) in a case of MCC. Sequential sections of a polymerase chain reaction– confirmed, MCV DNA–positive MCC stained with (c) anti-MCV LT and (d) anti-MCV sT antibodies. Although LT expression was not detected in this lesion, sT expression is clearly seen. Slides are shown at 20× magnification with a hematoxylin counterstain.

Figure

Expression

of

Merkel

cell

polyomavirus

MCV

tumor

antigen

T

antigen

proteins

in

Merkel

cell

carcinoma

MCC

a

Immunostaining

with

anti

MCV

large

T

antigen

LT

shows

nests

of

MCC

tumor

cells

infiltrating

the

dermis

magnification

b

Oil

emersion

demonstrates

the

robust

expression

of

MCV

LT

localized

to

the

nuclear

compartment

of

tumor

cells

magnification

c

d

Differential

expression

of

LT

and

small

T

antigen

sT

in

a

case

of

MCC

Sequential

sections

of

a

polymerase

chain

reaction

confirmed

MCV

DNA

positive

MCC

stained

with

c

anti

MCV

LT

and

d

anti

MCV

sT

antibodies

Although

LT

expression

was

not

detected

in

this

lesion

sT

expression

is

clearly

seen

Slides

are

shown

at

magnification

with

a

hematoxylin

counterstain


Figure 4. MRI scans of a 16-year-old female ADDWR patient with the interval of 21 months, showing almost unchanged disc status. (A) First visit, (B) Follow-up visit.

Figure

MRI

scans

of

a

old

female

ADDWR

patient

with

the

interval

of

months

showing

almost

unchanged

disc

status

A

First

visit

B

Follow

up

visit


Fig. 2 Endoscopic views of the polyp. a, b: A large polyp (asterisks) with two branches from the right hypopharynx on the base of tongue (arrow in a) covered almost the entire larynx and caused airway narrowing (arrow in b)

Fig

Endoscopic

views

of

the

polyp

a

b

A

large

polyp

asterisks

with

two

branches

from

the

right

hypopharynx

on

the

base

of

tongue

arrow

in

a

covered

almost

the

entire

larynx

and

caused

airway

narrowing

arrow

in

b


Fig. 1 Case 1. A: Sagittal T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance (MR) image showing a retroodontoid isointense mass compressing the neural structures. B: Sagittal T 2 -weighted MR image showing the hypointense retroodontoid mass. C: Axial T 2 -weighted MR image showing the retroodontoid mass.

Fig

Case

A

Sagittal

T

-weighted

magnetic

resonance

MR

image

showing

a

retroodontoid

isointense

mass

compressing

the

neural

structures

B

Sagittal

T

-weighted

MR

image

showing

the

hypointense

retroodontoid

mass

C

Axial

T

-weighted

MR

image

showing

the

retroodontoid

mass


Figure 1: (a) AP pelvic X-ray demonstrating acetabular dysplasia of the left hip. (b) Normalisation of the CEA and healing of the osteotomy sites 3 months after periacetabular osteotomy.

Figure

a

AP

pelvic

X

ray

demonstrating

acetabular

dysplasia

of

the

left

hip

b

Normalisation

of

the

CEA

and

healing

of

the

osteotomy

sites

months

after

periacetabular

osteotomy


Figure 1. (A) A chest X-ray revealed no pathological findings. (B and C) Computed tomography thoracic angiography indicated defective filling of the bilateral pulmonary arteries consistent with a thrombus.

Figure

A

A

chest

X

ray

revealed

no

pathological

findings

B

and

C

Computed

tomography

thoracic

angiography

indicated

defective

filling

of

the

bilateral

pulmonary

arteries

consistent

with

a

thrombus


Figure 17 A seventy-one-year-old man, with a status of post endovascular stent repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysm. The non-contrast axial CT (A) image shows large infrarenal aortic aneurysm treated with an intraluminal endovascular stent graft. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) axial contrast-enhanced CT (B) shows a focal area of contrast enhancement (arrow) within the posterior and right lateral aspects of the excluded aneurysm sac that communicates with a lumbar artery consistent with type II endoleak.

Figure

A

seventy

one

year

old

man

with

a

status

of

post

endovascular

stent

repair

of

infrarenal

aortic

aneurysm

The

non

contrast

axial

CT

A

image

shows

large

infrarenal

aortic

aneurysm

treated

with

an

intraluminal

endovascular

stent

graft

Maximum

intensity

projection

MIP

axial

contrast

enhanced

CT

B

shows

a

focal

area

of

contrast

enhancement

arrow

within

the

posterior

and

right

lateral

aspects

of

the

excluded

aneurysm

sac

that

communicates

with

a

lumbar

artery

consistent

with

type

II

endoleak


Figure 6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of diabetic minipigs with autologous BMSCs transplantation group (DMAB) pancreas of minipigs at three time-points in different sequences. (A) TFL T 1 WI MRI at 1 week pre-autologous BMSCs (ABMSCs), (B) TFL T 1 WI MRI at 3 weeks post-ABMSCs, (C) TFL T 1 WI MRI at 6 weeks post-ABMSCs, (D) TSE T 2 WI MRI at 1 week pre-ABMSCs, (E) TSE T 2 WI MRI at 3 weeks post-ABMSCs and (F) TSE T 2 WI MRI at 6 weeks post-ABMSCs. Pancreases are shown (arrows).

Figure

Magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

of

diabetic

minipigs

with

autologous

BMSCs

transplantation

group

DMAB

pancreas

of

minipigs

at

three

time

points

in

different

sequences

A

TFL

T

WI

MRI

at

week

pre

autologous

BMSCs

ABMSCs

B

TFL

T

WI

MRI

at

weeks

post

ABMSCs

C

TFL

T

WI

MRI

at

weeks

post

ABMSCs

D

TSE

T

WI

MRI

at

week

pre

ABMSCs

E

TSE

T

WI

MRI

at

weeks

post

ABMSCs

and

F

TSE

T

WI

MRI

at

weeks

post

ABMSCs

Pancreases

are

shown

arrows


Fig. 2. Imaging of the right foot (a) x-ray and (b) MRI from initial hospitalization depicting the destruction of the navicular cuneiform bones as well as the joints.

Fig

Imaging

of

the

right

foot

a

x

ray

and

b

MRI

from

initial

hospitalization

depicting

the

destruction

of

the

navicular

cuneiform

bones

as

well

as

the

joints


Figure 4 Patent anastomotic site on follow-up gastroscopy. A: Anastomotic lumen is patent; B: The stent is not identified on a follow-up abdominal radiograph.

Figure

Patent

anastomotic

site

on

follow

up

gastroscopy

A

Anastomotic

lumen

is

patent

B

The

stent

is

not

identified

on

a

follow

up

abdominal

radiograph


Fig. 2. Measurements of keratocystic odontogenic tumor in the maxilla using axial computed tomographic images. A. The longest mesiodistal dimension of the cystic lesion is measured parallel to the coronal plane of the maxilla. B. The longest bucco-lingual dimension of the cystic lesion is measured parallel to the sagittal plane of the maxilla.

Fig

Measurements

of

keratocystic

odontogenic

tumor

in

the

maxilla

using

axial

computed

tomographic

images

A.

The

longest

mesiodistal

dimension

of

the

cystic

lesion

is

measured

parallel

to

the

coronal

plane

of

the

maxilla

B.

The

longest

bucco

lingual

dimension

of

the

cystic

lesion

is

measured

parallel

to

the

sagittal

plane

of

the

maxilla


FIG. 9. Bevacizumab induced pesudoresponse in a dog with a recurrent Grade III astrocytoma in the right parietal lobe following surgical resection. (A–D) MR images of recurrent tumor prior to antiangiogenic therapy. An ovoid intraaxial mass adjacent to the previous craniectomy appears iso- to hypointense on transverse T1-weighted images (A), demonstrates heterogeneous ring enhancement on transverse (B) and sagittal (C) postcontrast T1-weighted images, and is heterogeneously hyperintense on transverse T2-weighted images (D). (E–H) MR images corresponding to panels (A–D), obtained 5 weeks after tumor biopsy and initiation of bevacizumab therapy. There is a reduction in the contrast-enhancing tumor (F, G), which would qualify as stable disease usingMacdonald and RECIST criteria. However, there is an increase in perilesional T2 hyperintensity extending into the adjacent white matter (H) associated with a falx shift and attenuation of the right lateral ventricle (E, F, H). (I) Transverse brain necropsy specimen, representing area depicted in panel H inset (H&E stain). Progressive disease is characterized by viable tumor in the nonenhancing and T2-hyperintense regions at the original tumor site, accompanied by extensive infiltration of nonenhancing tumor into the white matter of the internal capsule, corona radiata (inset), and corpus callosum; H&E stain.

FIG

Bevacizumab

induced

pesudoresponse

in

a

dog

with

a

recurrent

Grade

III

astrocytoma

in

the

right

parietal

lobe

following

surgical

resection

A

D

MR

images

of

recurrent

tumor

prior

to

antiangiogenic

therapy

An

ovoid

intraaxial

mass

adjacent

to

the

previous

craniectomy

appears

iso-

to

hypointense

on

transverse

images

A

demonstrates

heterogeneous

ring

enhancement

on

transverse

B

and

sagittal

C

postcontrast

images

and

is

heterogeneously

hyperintense

on

transverse

images

D

E

H

MR

images

corresponding

to

panels

A

D

obtained

weeks

after

tumor

biopsy

and

initiation

of

bevacizumab

therapy

There

is

a

reduction

in

the

contrast

enhancing

tumor

F

G

which

would

qualify

as

stable

disease

usingMacdonald

and

RECIST

criteria

However

there

is

an

increase

in

perilesional

hyperintensity

extending

into

the

adjacent

white

matter

H

associated

with

a

falx

shift

and

attenuation

of

the

right

lateral

ventricle

E

F

H

I

Transverse

brain

necropsy

specimen

representing

area

depicted

in

panel

H

inset

H&E

stain

Progressive

disease

is

characterized

by

viable

tumor

in

the

nonenhancing

and

regions

at

the

original

tumor

site

accompanied

by

extensive

infiltration

of

nonenhancing

tumor

into

the

white

matter

of

the

internal

capsule

corona

radiata

inset

and

corpus

callosum

H&E

stain


Fig 2. Computed tomography (CT) images in a 24-year-old woman with Hashimoto thyroiditis that was designated as "diffuse thyroid disease" CT category (papillary thyroid carcinoma in the right lobe). The thyroid gland (arrows) shows decreased and inhomogeneous attenuation in the non-enhanced CT image (A), and decreased and inhomogeneous enhancement in the contrast-enhanced CT image (B), but an anteroposterior diameter of 1-2 cm and a smooth margin in both the nonenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT images. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205507.g002

Fig

Computed

tomography

CT

images

in

a

old

woman

with

Hashimoto

thyroiditis

that

was

designated

as

diffuse

thyroid

disease

CT

category

papillary

thyroid

carcinoma

in

the

right

lobe

The

thyroid

gland

arrows

shows

decreased

and

inhomogeneous

attenuation

in

the

non

enhanced

CT

image

A

and

decreased

and

inhomogeneous

enhancement

in

the

contrast

enhanced

CT

image

B

but

an

anteroposterior

diameter

of

cm

and

a

smooth

margin

in

both

the

nonenhanced

and

contrast

enhanced

CT

images


Fig. 2 – Computed tomography (CT) angiography of the 10 cm thoracic aortic aneurysm (An). A) Sagittal section. B) Oblique sagittal section at maximum diameter. C) Axial section at the level of the great vessels. D) Axial section at the level of the aortic arch.

Fig

Computed

tomography

CT

angiography

of

the

cm

thoracic

aortic

aneurysm

An

A

Sagittal

section

B

Oblique

sagittal

section

at

maximum

diameter

C

Axial

section

at

the

level

of

the

great

vessels

D

Axial

section

at

the

level

of

the

aortic

arch


Fig. 3. Grayscale image. (A) Preoperative T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance image of a 58-year-old male, showing spinal cord compressions at C4–C7. Sagittal alignment shows segmental apical kyphosis with overall lordosis. (B) Postoperative magnetic resonance image of the same patient taken four months after laminectomy, demonstrating successful decompression of the spinal cord. The magnitude of postoperative backward shifting of the spinal cord was 1.5 mm. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score was 15.5 and the recovery rate was 75%.

Fig

Grayscale

image

A

Preoperative

sagittal

magnetic

resonance

image

of

a

old

male

showing

spinal

cord

compressions

at

Sagittal

alignment

shows

segmental

apical

kyphosis

with

overall

lordosis

B

Postoperative

magnetic

resonance

image

of

the

same

patient

taken

four

months

after

laminectomy

demonstrating

successful

decompression

of

the

spinal

cord

The

magnitude

of

postoperative

backward

shifting

of

the

spinal

cord

was

mm

The

Japanese

Orthopaedic

Association

score

was

and

the

recovery

rate

was


Figure 1. Retrograde tracer injection sites. Representative serial sections showing sites of retrograde tracer injection into the BLA are shown in (A--C). Schematic sections showing maximal diffusion of tracer are shown in (D--F).

Figure

Retrograde

tracer

injection

sites

Representative

serial

sections

showing

sites

of

retrograde

tracer

injection

into

the

BLA

are

shown

in

A

C

Schematic

sections

showing

maximal

diffusion

of

tracer

are

shown

in

D

F


Fig. 3. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of our patient performed at ϳ7.5 months of age (corrected age of 5 months). A: Sagittal T1-weighted image. B: axial T1-weighted image. C: axial T2-weighted image. Note the presence of bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (arrows), as well as widening of subarachnoidal spaces.

Fig

Cerebral

magnetic

resonance

imaging

of

our

patient

performed

at

months

of

age

corrected

age

of

months

A

Sagittal

image

B

axial

image

C

axial

image

Note

the

presence

of

bilateral

periventricular

nodular

heterotopia

arrows

as

well

as

widening

of

subarachnoidal

spaces


Figure 2: (a) Unenhanced CT (7.50 am) showing hyperdense thrombus in the basilar trunk without parenchymal infarcts (arrow); (b, c, d) MRI brain ADC map with time of flight MRA sequences revealing midbrain and bilateral thalamic infarcts and distal basilar thrombus (9.05 am); (e, f) Magnetic resonance angiogram showing occlusion of basilar top with preserved flow into both superior cerebellar arteries (10.10 am); (g, h) Magnetic resonance angiogram obtained four weeks later showing recanalized basilar top with good flow into the posterior cerebral arteries

Figure

a

Unenhanced

CT

am

showing

hyperdense

thrombus

in

the

basilar

trunk

without

parenchymal

infarcts

arrow

b

c

d

MRI

brain

ADC

map

with

time

of

flight

MRA

sequences

revealing

midbrain

and

bilateral

thalamic

infarcts

and

distal

basilar

thrombus

am

e

f

Magnetic

resonance

angiogram

showing

occlusion

of

basilar

top

with

preserved

flow

into

both

superior

cerebellar

arteries

am

g

h

Magnetic

resonance

angiogram

obtained

four

weeks

later

showing

recanalized

basilar

top

with

good

flow

into

the

posterior

cerebral

arteries


Fig. 6. MRE images demonstrate heterogeneous distribution of stiffness in kidney. A, B. Images from 49-year-old man with poor allograft function 12 years after transplantation (eGFR = 15 mL/min/1.73 m2). C, D. Images from 32-year-old man with good functioning allograft 4 years after transplantation (eGFR = 89 mL/min/1.73 m2). A, C. Anatomic T2 weighted images of kidney allografts; B, D MRE stiffness maps, where blue color represents softer tissue and red represents stiffer tissue. MRE= magnetic resonance elastography

Fig

MRE

images

demonstrate

heterogeneous

distribution

of

stiffness

in

kidney

A

B.

Images

from

old

man

with

poor

allograft

function

years

after

transplantation

eGFR

mL

C

D.

Images

from

old

man

with

good

functioning

allograft

years

after

transplantation

eGFR

mL

A

C.

Anatomic

weighted

images

of

kidney

allografts

B

D

MRE

stiffness

maps

where

blue

color

represents

softer

tissue

and

red

represents

stiffer

tissue

MRE=

magnetic

resonance

elastography


FIG. 7. The graft receives relatively sparse input from the host POA. A, Low power brightfield photomicrograph showing an injection (asterisk) of the anterograde tracer, PHA-L, located in the host POA adjacent to a SCN graft (g). The boxed area in A is shown in B at higher magnification. Labeled fibers course around the graft to innervate the contralateral host POA, but relatively few fibers actually enter the graft (arrows). ac, Anterior commissure. Bar in A 5 100 mm; bar in B 5 50 mm.

FIG

The

graft

receives

relatively

sparse

input

from

the

host

POA

A

Low

power

brightfield

photomicrograph

showing

an

injection

asterisk

of

the

anterograde

tracer

PHA

L

located

in

the

host

POA

adjacent

to

a

SCN

graft

g

The

boxed

area

in

A

is

shown

in

B

at

higher

magnification

Labeled

fibers

course

around

the

graft

to

innervate

the

contralateral

host

POA

but

relatively

few

fibers

actually

enter

the

graft

arrows

ac

Anterior

commissure

Bar

in

A

mm

bar

in

B

mm


Figure 2. a, b. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a lobulated tumor in the left scalene muscles, which has (a) hypointense signal voiding on T1 coronal section (star indicates the tumor and arrow indicates the left scalene muscles) and (b) increased signal intensity on T2 axial section

Figure

a

b.

Magnetic

resonance

imaging

showed

a

lobulated

tumor

in

the

left

scalene

muscles

which

has

a

hypointense

signal

voiding

on

coronal

section

star

indicates

the

tumor

and

arrow

indicates

the

left

scalene

muscles

and

b

increased

signal

intensity

on

axial

section


Fig. 2. – Case 2. a) Computed tomography (CT) scan without contrast media, mediastinal windows, shows an oval mass with homogeneous high density (65 UH), peripheral calcification, and a right small pleural effusion. b) CT scan with contrast media, mediastinal windows, shows a ring enhancement which is probably related to mediastinal pleura inflammation. c) Sagittal spin echo T1-weighted image shows the medistinal mass with a high signal intensity and its anatomical relations. d) Axial spin echo T2-weighted image also shows a high signal intensity of the mass (like cerebrospinal fluid) and a pleural effusion.

Fig

Case

a

Computed

tomography

CT

scan

without

contrast

media

mediastinal

windows

shows

an

oval

mass

with

homogeneous

high

density

UH

peripheral

calcification

and

a

right

small

pleural

effusion

b

CT

scan

with

contrast

media

mediastinal

windows

shows

a

ring

enhancement

which

is

probably

related

to

mediastinal

pleura

inflammation

c

Sagittal

spin

echo

image

shows

the

medistinal

mass

with

a

high

signal

intensity

and

its

anatomical

relations

d

Axial

spin

echo

image

also

shows

a

high

signal

intensity

of

the

mass

like

cerebrospinal

fluid

and

a

pleural

effusion


Figure 1 Preoperative studies. (A) Bronchoscopic aspect of the tumor; (B) CT showing tumor at the entrance of right upper lobe bronchus.

Figure

Preoperative

studies

A

Bronchoscopic

aspect

of

the

tumor

B

CT

showing

tumor

at

the

entrance

of

right

upper

lobe

bronchus


Figure 1: A 56-year-old male involved in a motor vehicle accident. (a) preoperative lateral X-ray of cervical spine showing bilateral posterior arch fractures of atlas, (b-d) preoperative axial, coronal, and three-dimensional computerized tomography reconstruction images showing bilateral anterior and posterior arch fracture, typical Jefferson fracture, lateral mass displacement = 7.0 mm, (e) preoperative T2W magnetic resonance imaging of cervical spine showing the shadow width from the retropharyngeal soft tissue at C1–C3 was 10.6 mm, no abnormal signal within the spinal cord was observed, (f and g) postoperative CT scan showing that bilateral lateral mass screws, a C2 lamina screw, and a C2 pedicle screw are well positioned, (h-j) postoperative open-mouth, anteroposterior and lateral views showing satisfactory cervical alignment

Figure

A

old

male

involved

in

a

motor

vehicle

accident

a

preoperative

lateral

X

ray

of

cervical

spine

showing

bilateral

posterior

arch

fractures

of

atlas

b

d

preoperative

axial

coronal

and

three

dimensional

computerized

tomography

reconstruction

images

showing

bilateral

anterior

and

posterior

arch

fracture

typical

Jefferson

fracture

lateral

mass

displacement

mm

e

preoperative

magnetic

resonance

imaging

of

cervical

spine

showing

the

shadow

width

from

the

retropharyngeal

soft

tissue

at

was

mm

no

abnormal

signal

within

the

spinal

cord

was

observed

f

and

g

postoperative

CT

scan

showing

that

bilateral

lateral

mass

screws

a

lamina

screw

and

a

pedicle

screw

are

well

positioned

h

j

postoperative

open

mouth

anteroposterior

and

lateral

views

showing

satisfactory

cervical

alignment


Fig. 1. (A) Brain computed tomography (CT) at onset of intracerebral haemorrhage showed a haematoma in the left fronto-parietal cortex, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 5 weeks after onset revealed a leukomalactic lesion at the primary sensori-motor cortex centred on the precentral knob and underlying white matter. (B) Results of diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) of the unaffected hemisphere showed that fibre tracts originated from the cerebral cortex, including the primary motor cortex (M1), and passed along the known corticospinal tract (CST) pathway. The 5-week dTT of the affected (left) hemisphere showed that the affected CST originated from the premotor area (Broadmann area: 6). A branch that originated from M1 appeared on the 8-week dTT. However, this new branch had disappeared by the 11-week dTT. By the 18-week dTT, a branch from M1 had appeared again.

Fig

A

Brain

computed

tomography

CT

at

onset

of

intracerebral

haemorrhage

showed

a

haematoma

in

the

left

fronto

parietal

cortex

and

brain

magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

weeks

after

onset

revealed

a

leukomalactic

lesion

at

the

primary

sensori

motor

cortex

centred

on

the

precentral

knob

and

underlying

white

matter

B

Results

of

diffusion

tensor

tractography

DTT

of

the

unaffected

hemisphere

showed

that

fibre

tracts

originated

from

the

cerebral

cortex

including

the

primary

motor

cortex

and

passed

along

the

known

corticospinal

tract

CST

pathway

The

dTT

of

the

affected

left

hemisphere

showed

that

the

affected

CST

originated

from

the

premotor

area

Broadmann

area

A

branch

that

originated

from

appeared

on

the

dTT

However

this

new

branch

had

disappeared

by

the

dTT

By

the

dTT

a

branch

from

had

appeared

again


FIGURE 5 ESI mass-density measurements of the subnuclear compartments. (A) ESI of an Sk-N-SH neuroblastoma cell nucleus. The image was recorded at 120 eV energy loss. Sample preparation involved fixation in 2% paraformaldehyde for 30 min, followed by fixation in 0.5% glutaraldehyde overnight. Cells were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Qetol resin. Then 70-nm sections were picked up on 400-mesh electron microscopy grids, which were subsequently covered with a 3-nm carbon film picked up from the surface of water. The ratio (nucleolus divided by nucleoplasm) of the average intensity values of the two regions indicated is 1.93. (B) Bright-field image of a macrophage cell (RAW) cryopreserved by slam-freezing. The frozen hydrated sections were picked up onto a copper grid coated with a 3-nm carbon film. The grid was transferred to the electron microscope at liquid nitrogen temperature. The section was freeze-dried in the microscope column before imaging. The removal of water and the absence of a resin embedding material allow for very high contrast without the need for heavy atom contrast agents. The images, therefore, provide mass-density information. The ratio (nucleolus divided by nucleoplasm) of the average intensity values of the two regions indicated is 1.32. (C) Low-magnification mass-sensitive image of an Sk-N-SH cell recorded at 120 eV. (D) Net phosphorus image of a field from the nucleus presented in C. The arrows in C and D provide a fiduciary for each image and indicate the slight rotation between the images recorded at different magnifications. (E) The net phosphorus image was subtracted from the net nitrogen image (the resulting signal was represented in shades of blue). The net phosphorus signal (yellow) was superimposed on the nitrogenphosphorus signal. GC, DFC and Ch represent granular component, dense fibrillar component, and chromatin, respectively. (F) High magnification of a field in E. Chromatin fibers can be visualized in the nucleoplasm, bordering the nucleolus, and within the nucleolus (referred to as NuChromatin in G). (G) Identification of different regions and structures associated with nucleolus. Scale bar represents 4 mm in A–C, 1 mm in D and E, and 280 nm in F.

FIGURE

ESI

mass

density

measurements

of

the

subnuclear

compartments

A

ESI

of

an

Sk

N

SH

neuroblastoma

cell

nucleus

The

image

was

recorded

at

eV

energy

loss

Sample

preparation

involved

fixation

in

paraformaldehyde

for

min

followed

by

fixation

in

glutaraldehyde

overnight

Cells

were

dehydrated

in

ethanol

and

embedded

in

Qetol

resin

Then

sections

were

picked

up

on

electron

microscopy

grids

which

were

subsequently

covered

with

a

carbon

film

picked

up

from

the

surface

of

water

The

ratio

nucleolus

divided

by

nucleoplasm

of

the

average

intensity

values

of

the

two

regions

indicated

is

B

Bright

field

image

of

a

macrophage

cell

RAW

cryopreserved

by

slam

freezing

The

frozen

hydrated

sections

were

picked

up

onto

a

copper

grid

coated

with

a

carbon

film

The

grid

was

transferred

to

the

electron

microscope

at

liquid

nitrogen

temperature

The

section

was

freeze

dried

in

the

microscope

column

before

imaging

The

removal

of

water

and

the

absence

of

a

resin

embedding

material

allow

for

very

high

contrast

without

the

need

for

heavy

atom

contrast

agents

The

images

therefore

provide

mass

density

information

The

ratio

nucleolus

divided

by

nucleoplasm

of

the

average

intensity

values

of

the

two

regions

indicated

is

C

Low

magnification

mass

sensitive

image

of

an

Sk

N

SH

cell

recorded

at

eV.

D

Net

phosphorus

image

of

a

field

from

the

nucleus

presented

in

C.

The

arrows

in

C

and

D

provide

a

fiduciary

for

each

image

and

indicate

the

slight

rotation

between

the

images

recorded

at

different

magnifications

E

The

net

phosphorus

image

was

subtracted

from

the

net

nitrogen

image

the

resulting

signal

was

represented

in

shades

of

blue

The

net

phosphorus

signal

yellow

was

superimposed

on

the

nitrogenphosphorus

signal

GC

DFC

and

Ch

represent

granular

component

dense

fibrillar

component

and

chromatin

respectively

F

High

magnification

of

a

field

in

E.

Chromatin

fibers

can

be

visualized

in

the

nucleoplasm

bordering

the

nucleolus

and

within

the

nucleolus

referred

to

as

NuChromatin

in

G

G

Identification

of

different

regions

and

structures

associated

with

nucleolus

Scale

bar

represents

mm

in

A

C

mm

in

D

and

E

and

nm

in

F.


Fig. 1. CT scan showing emphysematous changes in the right middle lobe. Ground glass opacities with some mosaic perfusion patterns are seen in both upper lobes (A) and lower lobes (B). Interlobular septal thickenings are also observed.

Fig

CT

scan

showing

emphysematous

changes

in

the

right

middle

lobe

Ground

glass

opacities

with

some

mosaic

perfusion

patterns

are

seen

in

both

upper

lobes

A

and

lower

lobes

B

Interlobular

septal

thickenings

are

also

observed


Figure 1. Type 1A herniation: (a) T2 image with L4-5 LDH, (b) 3D FSPGR image, (c, d) CT scan images, (e) sketch of the 3D FSPGR. Black arrow—bony irregularity at posterior superior corner of L5. LDH, lumbar disc herniation; 3D FSPGR, 3-dimensional fast spoiled gradient; CT, computed tomography.

Figure

Type

herniation

a

image

with

LDH

b

FSPGR

image

c

d

CT

scan

images

e

sketch

of

the

FSPGR

Black

arrow

bony

irregularity

at

posterior

superior

corner

of

LDH

lumbar

disc

herniation

FSPGR

fast

spoiled

gradient

CT

computed

tomography


Fig. 3. Ray-tracing dynamics illustrating the different response of integrable geometries, panels (a,b), and non-integrable chaotic geometries, panels (c,d). Panels (a) shows initial ray trajectories in the transverse section of an integrable geometry corresponding to an idealized multi-mode fibers having perfect circular symmetry. Panel (b) shows the regular whispering-gallery like pattern that results after propagating the initial rays in panel (a) for a long time (> 10 3 round trips). Panel (c) shows corresponding results for a non-integrable chaotic geometry including a circular scatterer. Note that the ray pattern results from the same initial conditions as for panel (b). Panel (d) shows a corresponding 'scarred' wave function obtained from a finite-element solution of a scalar wave equation.

Fig

Ray

tracing

dynamics

illustrating

the

different

response

of

integrable

geometries

panels

a

b

and

non

integrable

chaotic

geometries

panels

c

d

Panels

a

shows

initial

ray

trajectories

in

the

transverse

section

of

an

integrable

geometry

corresponding

to

an

idealized

multi

mode

fibers

having

perfect

circular

symmetry

Panel

b

shows

the

regular

whispering

gallery

like

pattern

that

results

after

propagating

the

initial

rays

in

panel

a

for

a

long

time

round

trips

Panel

c

shows

corresponding

results

for

a

non

integrable

chaotic

geometry

including

a

circular

scatterer

Note

that

the

ray

pattern

results

from

the

same

initial

conditions

as

for

panel

b

Panel

d

shows

a

corresponding

scarred

wave

function

obtained

from

a

finite

element

solution

of

a

scalar

wave

equation


Figure 2. A, CT angiography image showing a large aneurysm in the distal portion of the right coronary artery. The proximal portion is intact. AA = ascending aorta, DA = descending aorta, RCA = right coronary artery, A = aneurysm; B, coronary artery angiography image showing a huge right coronary artery aneurysm. The proximal portion of the right coronary artery is intact. PRCA = proximal part of the right coronary artery, A = aneurysm.

Figure

A

CT

angiography

image

showing

a

large

aneurysm

in

the

distal

portion

of

the

right

coronary

artery

The

proximal

portion

is

intact

AA

ascending

aorta

DA

descending

aorta

RCA

right

coronary

artery

A

aneurysm

B

coronary

artery

angiography

image

showing

a

huge

right

coronary

artery

aneurysm

The

proximal

portion

of

the

right

coronary

artery

is

intact

PRCA

proximal

part

of

the

right

coronary

artery

A

aneurysm


Figure 1: (a) Preoperative extraoral photograph showing mandibular prognathism. (b and c) Postsurgical photograph after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and genioplasty

Figure

a

Preoperative

extraoral

photograph

showing

mandibular

prognathism

b

and

c

Postsurgical

photograph

after

bilateral

sagittal

split

osteotomy

and

genioplasty


Fig. 2 Illustrative case of patient No. 6, a 71-year-old man with history of colon cancer. A sagittal T1 weighted MRI of cervical spine shows an extradural compression of the spinal cord from the lower border of C2–C4 (a). The axial computed tomography of cervical spine demonstrates the destruction of the pedicle and foramen transversarium (b). The postoperative lateral plain X-rays show the instrumentation from C1 to C7, the corpectomy of C3 with anterior reconstruction with a titanium cage between C2–C4 (c)

Fig

Illustrative

case

of

patient

No

a

old

man

with

history

of

colon

cancer

A

sagittal

weighted

MRI

of

cervical

spine

shows

an

extradural

compression

of

the

spinal

cord

from

the

lower

border

of

a

The

axial

computed

tomography

of

cervical

spine

demonstrates

the

destruction

of

the

pedicle

and

foramen

transversarium

b

The

postoperative

lateral

plain

X

rays

show

the

instrumentation

from

to

the

corpectomy

of

with

anterior

reconstruction

with

a

titanium

cage

between

c


Fig. 1. The neuron loss in visual cortex after prenatal ethanol exposure. (A–C) P14 visual cortices (coronal section with H.E. staining) of different treatments were displayed in low magnification. The cortical plate became thin after prenatal ethanol exposure, with dose-dependency. (D–F) pyramidal cells in visual cortex (P14) were stained with Nissl staining. The dose-dependent neuron loss is obvious after ethanol exposure. Control (cont), moderate dose (mode) and high dose (high) are marked in the photos. Bar = 120 µm in (A–C), and bar = 30 µm in (D–F).

Fig

The

neuron

loss

in

visual

cortex

after

prenatal

ethanol

exposure

A

C

visual

cortices

coronal

section

with

H.E.

staining

of

different

treatments

were

displayed

in

low

magnification

The

cortical

plate

became

thin

after

prenatal

ethanol

exposure

with

dose

dependency

D

F

pyramidal

cells

in

visual

cortex

were

stained

with

Nissl

staining

The

dose

dependent

neuron

loss

is

obvious

after

ethanol

exposure

Control

cont

moderate

dose

mode

and

high

dose

high

are

marked

in

the

photos

Bar

µm

in

A

C

and

bar

µm

in

D

F


Figure 8 Ultrasound (a) and histology (b) of the same case showing a thickness difference of less than 1 mm (0.7 mm) between the methods and corresponding to a patient with a tumor measuring 4.2 mm thick by ultrasound and 3.5 mm by histology. Calipers are marking the lateral extension of the lesion, not the depth. Note the similar shape of the tumor under ultrasound and under 2 Â zoom hematoxylin/eosin stain in histology.

Figure

Ultrasound

a

and

histology

b

of

the

same

case

showing

a

thickness

difference

of

less

than

mm

mm

between

the

methods

and

corresponding

to

a

patient

with

a

tumor

measuring

mm

thick

by

ultrasound

and

mm

by

histology

Calipers

are

marking

the

lateral

extension

of

the

lesion

not

the

depth

Note

the

similar

shape

of

the

tumor

under

ultrasound

and

under

Â

zoom

hematoxylin

eosin

stain

in

histology


Figure 8. Comparative imaging of high (SKOV3) and low (A431) HER2-expressing xenografts in mice. Micro-single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression in BALB/C nu/nu mice bearing (A) SKOV3 and (B) A431 xenografts at 4 h post-injection using [ 125 I]I-G3-H 6 . The uptake of radiocatabolites by Na/I-symporters was blocked by addition of KI in drinking water. S, stomach; K, kidneys; T, tumor.

Figure

Comparative

imaging

of

high

and

low

xenografts

in

mice

Micro

single

photon

emission

computed

tomography

computed

tomography

imaging

of

human

epidermal

growth

factor

receptor

expression

in

BALB

C

nu

nu

mice

bearing

A

and

B

xenografts

at

h

post

injection

using

I]I

The

uptake

of

radiocatabolites

by

I

symporters

was

blocked

by

addition

of

KI

in

drinking

water

S

stomach

K

kidneys

T

tumor


Figure 1 Findings on contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography. A: Sagittal section demonstrates thickened loops of small bowel (arrow); B: Coronal image demonstrates free peritoneal fluid (arrow), thickened loops of small bowel and circumferential mural thickening of the distal stomach (heavy arrow).

Figure

Findings

on

contrast

enhanced

abdominal

computed

tomography

A

Sagittal

section

demonstrates

thickened

loops

of

small

bowel

arrow

B

Coronal

image

demonstrates

free

peritoneal

fluid

arrow

thickened

loops

of

small

bowel

and

circumferential

mural

thickening

of

the

distal

stomach

heavy

arrow


Fig. 7 In a 77-year-old female with recurrent upper abdominal pain, axial (a) and coronal (b) post-contrast CT images showed a duodenal diverticulum (arrows) filled by air and enteral material, in typical medial site at distal descending duodenum. At MRI, T2-weighted (c) and fatsuppressed gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted (d) images respectively showed oedematous, inflamed surrounding pancreatic parenchyma (+) and hyperenhancing contour of diverticulum (arrows)

Fig

In

a

old

female

with

recurrent

upper

abdominal

pain

axial

a

and

coronal

b

post

contrast

CT

images

showed

a

duodenal

diverticulum

arrows

filled

by

air

and

enteral

material

in

typical

medial

site

at

distal

descending

duodenum

At

MRI

c

and

fatsuppressed

gadolinium

enhanced

d

images

respectively

showed

oedematous

inflamed

surrounding

pancreatic

parenchyma

and

hyperenhancing

contour

of

diverticulum

arrows


Figure 1. CT scan (sagital and coronal views): nodular thickening and enhancement of the peritoneum. Peritoneal effusion is also present.

Figure

CT

scan

sagital

and

coronal

views

nodular

thickening

and

enhancement

of

the

peritoneum

Peritoneal

effusion

is

also

present


Figure 6. Comparison of proposed PPADS and TNP-ATP binding modes. a, proposed PPADS binding mode for P2X1R. b, for comparison the X-ray structure of chicken P2X7 receptor with TNP-ATP bound is shown. Equivalent lysine residues involved in salt bridges to sulfonate groups of PPADS (a) and phosphate groups of TNP-ATP are labeled. c, visualization of electrostatic potential for the P2X1R model used in a. The electrostatic potential was calculated using the Protein Data Bank 2PQR. d, as in c, but PPADS was omitted.

Figure

Comparison

of

proposed

PPADS

and

TNP

ATP

binding

modes

a

proposed

PPADS

binding

mode

for

b

for

comparison

the

X

ray

structure

of

chicken

receptor

with

TNP

ATP

bound

is

shown

Equivalent

lysine

residues

involved

in

salt

bridges

to

sulfonate

groups

of

PPADS

a

and

phosphate

groups

of

TNP

ATP

are

labeled

c

visualization

of

electrostatic

potential

for

the

model

used

in

a.

The

electrostatic

potential

was

calculated

using

the

Protein

Data

Bank

d

as

in

c

but

PPADS

was

omitted


Fig. 3 Ultrasonic scan across the body ofstomach shows (a) stomach filled with fluid and some food particles, (b) multiple echoes from stream ofgas bubbles in stomach during drinking.

Fig

Ultrasonic

scan

across

the

body

ofstomach

shows

a

stomach

filled

with

fluid

and

some

food

particles

b

multiple

echoes

from

stream

ofgas

bubbles

in

stomach

during

drinking


FIG. 2. a, b. A 64 year-old man with gallbladder perforation. T2w-BTFE sequence shows subhepatic fluid collection (arrow) (a). Coronal contrast enhanced T1w sequence which was obtained in the 120th min after contrast material injection shows the leakage of contrast material to the outside of the gallbladder (arrow) (b).

FIG

a

b.

A

year

old

man

with

gallbladder

perforation

BTFE

sequence

shows

subhepatic

fluid

collection

arrow

a

Coronal

contrast

enhanced

sequence

which

was

obtained

in

the

min

after

contrast

material

injection

shows

the

leakage

of

contrast

material

to

the

outside

of

the

gallbladder

arrow

b


Figure 20: An 84-year-old patient with a known history of metastatic prostate cancer and of LS presents with recurrent episodes of left ischemic colitis confirmed by optical colonoscopy. Sagital (a) and coronal (b) MPR views show complete thrombosis of the aorta just under the emergence of the RAs (blue arrows). Axial views (c, d, e) show typical thickening and hypodensity of the colonic wall (white circle). Huge and massive tortuous arterial collateralization is present along the course of the IMA (purple arrows).

Figure

An

old

patient

with

a

known

history

of

metastatic

prostate

cancer

and

of

LS

presents

with

recurrent

episodes

of

left

ischemic

colitis

confirmed

by

optical

colonoscopy

Sagital

a

and

coronal

b

MPR

views

show

complete

thrombosis

of

the

aorta

just

under

the

emergence

of

the

RAs

blue

arrows

Axial

views

c

d

e

show

typical

thickening

and

hypodensity

of

the

colonic

wall

white

circle

Huge

and

massive

tortuous

arterial

collateralization

is

present

along

the

course

of

the

IMA

purple

arrows


Fig. 2: Ultrastructural effects of SPZ on T. gondii tachyzoites as visualized by TEM. TEM pictures were prepared with untreated tachyzoites from the PBS-cultured groups (a1 and a2) and with tachyzoites treated for 2 h with an SPZ solution (b1 and b2). Abbreviations: C, conoid; CM, cell membrane; DG, dense granule; Go, golgi complex; LP, lipid body; Mc, mitochondrion; MN, microneme; N, nucleus; NM, nuclear membrane; RH, rhoptry; I, inner layer; O, outer layer Discussion Electron microscope has been widely used in the classification and identification of parasites, and in exploring the effects and mechanisms of drug action by observing the effects of the drug on parasite ultrastructure. Dubremetz et al. (2009) used ultrastructural techniques to classify previously unrelated parasites within a single phylum, the Apicomplexa (17). Stettler et al. (2003) researched the in vitro parasiticidal effect of nitazoxanide (NTZ) on Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes using electron microscopy (16). Zhou et al. (2010) investigated the effect of diclazuril on the

Fig

Ultrastructural

effects

of

SPZ

on

T.

gondii

tachyzoites

as

visualized

by

TEM

TEM

pictures

were

prepared

with

untreated

tachyzoites

from

the

PBS

cultured

groups

and

and

with

tachyzoites

treated

for

h

with

an

SPZ

solution

and

Abbreviations

C

conoid

CM

cell

membrane

DG

dense

granule

Go

golgi

complex

LP

lipid

body

Mc

mitochondrion

MN

microneme

N

nucleus

NM

nuclear

membrane

RH

rhoptry

I

inner

layer

O

outer

layer

Discussion

Electron

microscope

has

been

widely

used

in

the

classification

and

identification

of

parasites

and

in

exploring

the

effects

and

mechanisms

of

drug

action

by

observing

the

effects

of

the

drug

on

parasite

ultrastructure

Dubremetz

et

al

used

ultrastructural

techniques

to

classify

previously

unrelated

parasites

within

a

single

phylum

the

Apicomplexa

Stettler

et

al

researched

the

in

vitro

parasiticidal

effect

of

nitazoxanide

NTZ

on

Echinococcus

multilocularis

metacestodes

using

electron

microscopy

Zhou

et

al

investigated

the

effect

of

diclazuril

on

the


Figure 5. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry demonstrate [ 18 F]AH113804 retention in c-Met positive HCC1954 tumor tissue. (A) Autoradiography performed ex vivo on a resected tumor confirms retention of the [ 18 F]AH113804 radiotracer in tumor tissues. A heterogeneous distribution of tracer within the tumor section could be observed, not visible at the limited spatial resolution of PET imaging. (B) H&E staining (upper) and cMet immunostaining (lower) of paraffin-embedded tumor and control skeletal muscle tissue (left and right columns respectively). H&E staining reveals the large, mitotic and disorganized phenotype characteristic of tumor cells, while immunohistochemistry reveals membranous c-Met staining in these cells. Scale bars=100 µm.

Figure

Autoradiography

and

immunohistochemistry

demonstrate

retention

in

c

Met

positive

tumor

tissue

A

Autoradiography

performed

ex

vivo

on

a

resected

tumor

confirms

retention

of

the

radiotracer

in

tumor

tissues

A

heterogeneous

distribution

of

tracer

within

the

tumor

section

could

be

observed

not

visible

at

the

limited

spatial

resolution

of

PET

imaging

B

H&E

staining

upper

and

cMet

immunostaining

lower

of

paraffin

embedded

tumor

and

control

skeletal

muscle

tissue

left

and

right

columns

respectively

H&E

staining

reveals

the

large

mitotic

and

disorganized

phenotype

characteristic

of

tumor

cells

while

immunohistochemistry

reveals

membranous

c

Met

staining

in

these

cells

Scale

µm


Fig. 1 Axial head computed tomography (CT) scans on admission showing a subdural hematoma in the right frontal and occipital interhemispheric fissure (A) and in the occipital fossa (D). Preoperative coronal T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance image with gadolinium showing a subdural hematoma compressing the right motor cortex in the right frontal interhemispheric fissure (B). Postoperative coronal head CT scans showing disappearance of subdural hematoma in the right frontal interhemispheric fissure (C), as well as in the posterior fossa (E).

Fig

Axial

head

computed

tomography

CT

scans

on

admission

showing

a

subdural

hematoma

in

the

right

frontal

and

occipital

interhemispheric

fissure

A

and

in

the

occipital

fossa

D

Preoperative

coronal

T

-weighted

magnetic

resonance

image

with

gadolinium

showing

a

subdural

hematoma

compressing

the

right

motor

cortex

in

the

right

frontal

interhemispheric

fissure

B

Postoperative

coronal

head

CT

scans

showing

disappearance

of

subdural

hematoma

in

the

right

frontal

interhemispheric

fissure

C

as

well

as

in

the

posterior

fossa

E


Figure 3. Statistical parametric maps (SPMs) of the group analysis (4 young and 4 elderly healthy male volunteers, 3 functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] exams per subject) during “n-back” spatial working memory task versus control. In the control condition (“0-back”), subjects had to respond when a square appeared in a given position on the computer screen; in the “1-back” condition, when it appeared in the same place as 1 screen before; in the “2-back” condition when it appeared in the same place as 2 screens before. In both the 1-back and the 2-back tasks, accuracy score was similar in elderly and young subjects. Reaction time was similar in the two groups during the 1-back task, but significantly longer in the elderly group during the 2-back task. Significant activity (t-score>4) is displayed upon anatomical axial T1 images after being transformed to standardized Talairach space.

Figure

Statistical

parametric

maps

SPMs

of

the

group

analysis

young

and

elderly

healthy

male

volunteers

functional

magnetic

resonance

imaging

fMRI

exams

per

subject

during

n

back

spatial

working

memory

task

versus

control

In

the

control

condition

subjects

had

to

respond

when

a

square

appeared

in

a

given

position

on

the

computer

screen

in

the

condition

when

it

appeared

in

the

same

place

as

screen

before

in

the

condition

when

it

appeared

in

the

same

place

as

screens

before

In

both

the

and

the

tasks

accuracy

score

was

similar

in

elderly

and

young

subjects

Reaction

time

was

similar

in

the

two

groups

during

the

task

but

significantly

longer

in

the

elderly

group

during

the

task

Significant

activity

t

is

displayed

upon

anatomical

axial

images

after

being

transformed

to

standardized

Talairach

space


Fig. 1 73-year-old male with history of esophageal cancer. Axial (a) and coronal (b) CT images of the liver following intravenous contrast administration show normal left lobe (arrow). 3D image of the liver in shaded surface display (c) shows a normal liver and normal left lobe. Total liver volume is 1,606 cc, and volume for

Fig

old

male

with

history

of

esophageal

cancer

Axial

a

and

coronal

b

CT

images

of

the

liver

following

intravenous

contrast

administration

show

normal

left

lobe

arrow

image

of

the

liver

in

shaded

surface

display

c

shows

a

normal

liver

and

normal

left

lobe

Total

liver

volume

is

cc

and

volume

for


Fig. 4 Canal wall after preparation with FlexMaster rotary nickel titanium instruments. a) Clean canal wall in the coronal portion of the prepared canal (score 1); b) very small debris particles in the middle portion of the canal; c) large debris particles in the apical portion of the canal.

Fig

Canal

wall

after

preparation

with

FlexMaster

rotary

nickel

titanium

instruments

a

Clean

canal

wall

in

the

coronal

portion

of

the

prepared

canal

score

b

very

small

debris

particles

in

the

middle

portion

of

the

canal

c

large

debris

particles

in

the

apical

portion

of

the

canal


Fig. 3. A 56-year-old patient with no clinical symptoms and ECOG 0. CT, baseline (A) and after (B) response evaluation demonstrated response to therapy as the liver metastases disappeared, and the peritoneal metastases shrunk (red arrows). Due to alterations in the total tumor burden, the patient was classified as stable disease according to irRECIST. CT, computed tomography; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; irRECIST, immune response RECIST.

Fig

A

old

patient

with

no

clinical

symptoms

and

ECOG

CT

baseline

A

and

after

B

response

evaluation

demonstrated

response

to

therapy

as

the

liver

metastases

disappeared

and

the

peritoneal

metastases

shrunk

red

arrows

Due

to

alterations

in

the

total

tumor

burden

the

patient

was

classified

as

stable

disease

according

to

irRECIST

CT

computed

tomography

ECOG

Eastern

Cooperative

Oncology

Group

irRECIST

immune

response

RECIST


Fig 1. Follow-up of a patient affected by diabetic macular edema undergoing Ozurdex implant. Optical coherence tomography scans and MP1 microperimetry outputs, from a 62-year-old patient affected by diabetic macular edema in his right eye, acquired at baseline visit, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months and 5 months after the first Ozurdex injection. The patient underwent a second Ozurdex implant at 5 th month because of edema reappearance.

Fig

Follow

up

of

a

patient

affected

by

diabetic

macular

edema

undergoing

Ozurdex

implant

Optical

coherence

tomography

scans

and

microperimetry

outputs

from

a

old

patient

affected

by

diabetic

macular

edema

in

his

right

eye

acquired

at

baseline

visit

month

months

months

months

and

months

after

the

first

Ozurdex

injection

The

patient

underwent

a

second

Ozurdex

implant

at

th

month

because

of

edema

reappearance


Fig. 1. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (A) and computed tomography angiogram (B) at the onset of arterial infarction of the right frontal and temporal lobes in a 1- month-old infant. Large saccular aneurysms in both internal carotid arteries and occlusions of the distal part of the aneurysms were observed (B).

Fig

Diffusion

weighted

magnetic

resonance

imaging

A

and

computed

tomography

angiogram

B

at

the

onset

of

arterial

infarction

of

the

right

frontal

and

temporal

lobes

in

a

month

old

infant

Large

saccular

aneurysms

in

both

internal

carotid

arteries

and

occlusions

of

the

distal

part

of

the

aneurysms

were

observed

B


Fig. 2. Vascular findings of color Doppler ultrasonography, power Doppler ultrasonography, and superb microvascular imaging (SMI) of a 65-year-old woman with invasive ductal carcinoma. A. Gray-scale ultrasonography shows an irregular indistinct or microlobulated hypoechoic mass in the left breast, assessed as, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4C. B. SMI shows multiple branching and penetrating vessels within the mass. C, D. Color Doppler ultrasonography (C) and power Doppler ultrasonography (D) show a few dot-like vessels within the mass.

Fig

Vascular

findings

of

color

Doppler

ultrasonography

power

Doppler

ultrasonography

and

superb

microvascular

imaging

SMI

of

a

old

woman

with

invasive

ductal

carcinoma

A.

Gray

scale

ultrasonography

shows

an

irregular

indistinct

or

microlobulated

hypoechoic

mass

in

the

left

breast

assessed

as

Breast

Imaging

Reporting

and

Data

System

category

B.

SMI

shows

multiple

branching

and

penetrating

vessels

within

the

mass

C

D.

Color

Doppler

ultrasonography

C

and

power

Doppler

ultrasonography

D

show

a

few

dot

like

vessels

within

the

mass


Fig. 1 Me-4FDG, MRI, and 2-FDG PET scans on 26-year-old control subject. The Me-4FDG S/N (SUVR/BG) scale 0–10 is shown for the NIH color scale, and the 2-FDG SUVR scale is 0.1–2.5 for the Hot-Iron color scale

Fig

MRI

and

PET

scans

on

old

control

subject

The

S

N

SUVR

BG

scale

is

shown

for

the

NIH

color

scale

and

the

SUVR

scale

is

for

the

Hot

Iron

color

scale


Fig. 6 Micro-SORS on a painted sculpture of Christ’s disciple from Varese Sacred Mount in Northern Italy: (a) fragment image (the white square indicates the area analysed with micro-spatially offset Raman spectroscopy); (b) optical image and scheme of the stratigraphy; and (c) the defocused spectra are shown for different distances from the imaged plane indicated next to each spectrum (0 = ‘imaged’ position). The spectra are offset for clarity. Note that the line markers are for guidance to emphasise the changing relative intensity of the red lead, cinnabar and lead white with defocusing. The reference spectra are acquired on the sample cross section using conventional Raman spectroscopy.3

Fig

Micro

SORS

on

a

painted

sculpture

of

Christ

’s

disciple

from

Varese

Sacred

Mount

in

Northern

Italy

a

fragment

image

the

white

square

indicates

the

area

analysed

with

micro

spatially

offset

Raman

spectroscopy

b

optical

image

and

scheme

of

the

stratigraphy

and

c

the

defocused

spectra

are

shown

for

different

distances

from

the

imaged

plane

indicated

next

to

each

spectrum

imaged

position

The

spectra

are

offset

for

clarity

Note

that

the

line

markers

are

for

guidance

to

emphasise

the

changing

relative

intensity

of

the

red

lead

cinnabar

and

lead

white

with

defocusing

The

reference

spectra

are

acquired

on

the

sample

cross

section

using

conventional

Raman


Fig. 3. Msi-1 expression correlates spatiotemporally with adult progenitor cells during intestinal remodeling. Cross-sections were immunostained with Msi-1 (A,C,F,H), PCNA (E,I) and IFABP (J) antibodies and stained with methyl green-pyronin Y (B,D,G). (A) Stage 57. The larval epithelium (LE) is negative for Msi-1. (B,C) Stage 60. Progenitor cells of the adult epithelium between the larval epithelium and the connective tissue (CT) are weakly positive for Msi-1 (arrowheads). (D-F) Stage 61. The adult epithelium (AE), where PCNA-positive cells are localized, is positive for Msi-1. The degenerating larval epithelium remains negative. (G-J) Stage 63. The adult epithelium completely replaces the larval one. Msi-1-immunoreactivity is weakly detectable only in the trough of newly formed folds (Fo), where PCNA-positive cells are localized (I; arrows). IFABP immunoreactivity increases in intensity from the crest to the trough of the folds. Bars, 20 µm.

Fig

expression

correlates

spatiotemporally

with

adult

progenitor

cells

during

intestinal

remodeling

Cross

sections

were

immunostained

with

A

C

F

H

PCNA

E

I

and

IFABP

J

antibodies

and

stained

with

methyl

green

pyronin

Y

B

D

G

A

Stage

The

larval

epithelium

LE

is

negative

for

B

C

Stage

Progenitor

cells

of

the

adult

epithelium

between

the

larval

epithelium

and

the

connective

tissue

CT

are

weakly

positive

for

arrowheads

D

F

Stage

The

adult

epithelium

AE

where

PCNA

positive

cells

are

localized

is

positive

for

The

degenerating

larval

epithelium

remains

negative

G

J

Stage

The

adult

epithelium

completely

replaces

the

larval

one

is

weakly

detectable

only

in

the

trough

of

newly

formed

folds

Fo

where

PCNA

positive

cells

are

localized

I

arrows

IFABP

immunoreactivity

increases

in

intensity

from

the

crest

to

the

trough

of

the

folds

Bars

µm


Figure 1 Computed tomography of the thorax on day 22 (a, b), day 37 (c, d) and on day 65 (e, f).

Figure

Computed

tomography

of

the

thorax

on

day

a

b

day

c

d

and

on

day

e

f


Figure 3. Computed tomography (CT) evidence of interstitial pneumonitis. (A) On October 13, 2011, the CT image showed for the first time scattered, patchy shadows in the two lower lobes of the lung. (B) On February 15, 2012, no shadows were detected. (C) CT findings on May 12, 2012, three months after the start of icotinib. (D) CT findings on August 7, 2012, five months after the start of icotinib. (E) CT findings on October 15, 2012, two months after the patient discontinued rapamycin and icotinib. (F) CT findings on November 10, 2012, one month after the patient underwent a segmentectomy. The arrows indicate the site of the interstitial lung disease.

Figure

Computed

tomography

CT

evidence

of

interstitial

pneumonitis

A

On

October

the

CT

image

showed

for

the

first

time

scattered

patchy

shadows

in

the

two

lower

lobes

of

the

lung

B

On

February

no

shadows

were

detected

C

CT

findings

on

May

three

months

after

the

start

of

icotinib

D

CT

findings

on

August

five

months

after

the

start

of

icotinib

E

CT

findings

on

October

two

months

after

the

patient

discontinued

rapamycin

and

icotinib

F

CT

findings

on

November

one

month

after

the

patient

underwent

a

segmentectomy

The

arrows

indicate

the

site

of

the

interstitial

lung

disease


Fig. 1 Maximum intensity projection in transverse view (a) and the corresponding splenoportographic image in dorsoventral view (b) demonstrating a shunt vessel of a gastroduodenal-caval shunt which was graded as “closed” in splenoportography and CTA. Note the portal vein (PV), splenic vein (SpV) and the former shunt vessel (PSS)

Fig

Maximum

intensity

projection

in

transverse

view

a

and

the

corresponding

splenoportographic

image

in

dorsoventral

view

b

demonstrating

a

shunt

vessel

of

a

gastroduodenal

caval

shunt

which

was

graded

as

closed

in

splenoportography

and

CTA

Note

the

portal

vein

PV

splenic

vein

SpV

and

the

former

shunt

vessel

PSS


Figure 1. (a) Sagittal spine computed tomography image demonstrating a T12 compression fracture (arrow) that occurred after low-impact trauma in the setting of severe osteopenia. (b) Sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance image demonstrating significant (1.8 cm) herniation of the cerebellar tonsils (arrow) beyond the level of the foramen magnum, hallmark of a Chiari type 1 malformation. This was associated with syringohydromyelia extending through the length of the cervical and thoracic cord, the largest diameter of which measured ~ 3 mm at the level of C6 and C7.

Figure

a

Sagittal

spine

computed

tomography

image

demonstrating

a

compression

fracture

arrow

that

occurred

after

low

impact

trauma

in

the

setting

of

severe

osteopenia

b

Sagittal

magnetic

resonance

image

demonstrating

significant

cm

herniation

of

the

cerebellar

tonsils

arrow

beyond

the

level

of

the

foramen

magnum

hallmark

of

a

Chiari

type

malformation

This

was

associated

with

syringohydromyelia

extending

through

the

length

of

the

cervical

and

thoracic

cord

the

largest

diameter

of

which

measured

mm

at

the

level

of

and


Figure 3. Chest and abdominal computed tomography scans obtained at 17 months after radiofrequency ablation. (A and B) The biloma ruptured into the pleural and abdominal cavity via the injured diaphragm (black arrows), with (C) pneumonia and atelectasis observed in the right lower lung lobe (white arrow) and (D) biliary sludge and small biliary calculi detected in the dilated bile duct (white arrowhead).

Figure

Chest

and

abdominal

computed

tomography

scans

obtained

at

months

after

radiofrequency

ablation

A

and

B

The

biloma

ruptured

into

the

pleural

and

abdominal

cavity

via

the

injured

diaphragm

black

arrows

with

C

pneumonia

and

atelectasis

observed

in

the

right

lower

lung

lobe

white

arrow

and

D

biliary

sludge

and

small

biliary

calculi

detected

in

the

dilated

bile

duct

white

arrowhead


Fig. 2. Morphology of wild-type and 413.d homozygous mutant embryos at the early primitive streak stage. (A) and (B) both show the morphological appearance of a 413.d mutant embryo (d/d) compared with that of a wild-type (wt) littermate. The parietal endoderm has been reflected to reveal the extra-embryonic and embryonic regions of the embryos. Both of the normal embryos were at the mid-streak stage based on the visible extent of the primitive streak and T antibody staining. Neither of the 413.d mutant embryos had recognizable primitive streak structures, or stained positively for expression of T protein. Note the presence of the primitive streak (ps) in the normal embryo in B (indicated by vertical arrows), and the absence of a morphological streak in 413.d mutant embryos. In mutant embryos, a clear demarcation between the embryonic and extra-embryonic regions is not readily evident. (C) Representative sagittal section through a presumed 413.d mutant embryo at 6.5 days p.c. Analysis of complete serial sections failed to show any evidence of localized thickening of the embryonic ectoderm indicative of the primitive streak, or of the formation of a mesodermal layer. Note the striking disturbance of the extra-embryonic ectoderm. (epc, ectoplacental cone; ee, extra-embryonic ectoderm; e, embryonic ectoderm: v, visceral endoderm).

Fig

Morphology

of

wild

type

and

homozygous

mutant

embryos

at

the

early

primitive

streak

stage

A

and

B

both

show

the

morphological

appearance

of

a

mutant

embryo

d

d

compared

with

that

of

a

wild

type

wt

littermate

The

parietal

endoderm

has

been

reflected

to

reveal

the

extra

embryonic

and

embryonic

regions

of

the

embryos

Both

of

the

normal

embryos

were

at

the

mid

streak

stage

based

on

the

visible

extent

of

the

primitive

streak

and

T

antibody

staining

Neither

of

the

mutant

embryos

had

recognizable

primitive

streak

structures

or

stained

positively

for

expression

of

T

protein

Note

the

presence

of

the

primitive

streak

ps

in

the

normal

embryo

in

B

indicated

by

vertical

arrows

and

the

absence

of

a

morphological

streak

in

mutant

embryos

In

mutant

embryos

a

clear

demarcation

between

the

embryonic

and

extra

embryonic

regions

is

not

readily

evident

C

Representative

sagittal

section

through

a

presumed

mutant

embryo

at

days

p.c

Analysis

of

complete

serial

sections

failed

to

show

any

evidence

of

localized

thickening

of

the

embryonic

ectoderm

indicative

of

the

primitive

streak

or

of

the

formation

of

a

mesodermal

layer

Note

the

striking

disturbance

of

the

extra

embryonic

ectoderm

epc

ectoplacental

cone

ee

extra

embryonic

ectoderm

e

embryonic

ectoderm

v

visceral

endoderm


Figure 4 Nkx6.1 expression in human spinal cord. A: Example of detection of nuclear Nkx6.1 staining (arrow) in a vessel in the human spinal cord parenchyma. B: Example of detection of nuclear Nkx6.1 staining in a vessel (arrow) in the meninges. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Figure

expression

in

human

spinal

cord

A

Example

of

detection

of

nuclear

staining

arrow

in

a

vessel

in

the

human

spinal

cord

parenchyma

B

Example

of

detection

of

nuclear

staining

in

a

vessel

arrow

in

the

meninges

Scale

bars

μm


Fig. 1. Coronal sections at various planes showing (A) bilateral blocked osteo-meatal units, (B) complete opacification of bilateral maxillary sinuses, (C) mucosal disease of left frontal recess and (D) bilateral concha bullosa & DNS to the right.

Fig

Coronal

sections

at

various

planes

showing

A

bilateral

blocked

osteo

meatal

units

B

complete

opacification

of

bilateral

maxillary

sinuses

C

mucosal

disease

of

left

frontal

recess

and

D

bilateral

concha

bullosa

DNS

to

the

right


Figure 2. A 28-year-old male with a high-grade glioma (WHO grade III) in the left temporal lobe. Axial post-gadolinium T1-weighted image with tumor VOI (a), diffusion-weighted images at b-values of 0 s/mm2 (b), 1000 s/mm2 (c), 2000 s/mm2 (d), and 4000 s/mm2 (e), and isotropic ADC (f ), DDC (g), and a (h) maps show the tumor (arrow). This tumor had a mean DDC of 1.01 10 3mm2/s and a mean a value of 0.55. Note the good contrast between the tumor and the surrounding brain tissue on the a map (H).

Figure

A

old

male

with

a

high

grade

glioma

WHO

grade

III

in

the

left

temporal

lobe

Axial

post

gadolinium

image

with

tumor

VOI

a

diffusion

weighted

images

at

b

values

of

s

b

s

c

s

d

and

s

e

and

isotropic

ADC

f

DDC

g

and

a

h

maps

show

the

tumor

arrow

This

tumor

had

a

mean

DDC

of

s

and

a

mean

a

value

of

Note

the

good

contrast

between

the

tumor

and

the

surrounding

brain

tissue

on

the

a

map

H


Figure 1 (a) Real-time ultrasound image shows both umbilical catheters reflecting (b) what would be seen on a lateral X-ray.

Figure

a

Real

time

ultrasound

image

shows

both

umbilical

catheters

reflecting

b

what

would

be

seen

on

a

lateral

X

ray


Figure 1. (A) Computed tomography indicated left tentorium subdural hemorrhage before treatment. (B) Magnetic resonance imaging (coronal) presented multiple ring reinforced tubercles in sulci. (C) After 20 weeks' treatment with voriconazole, Magnetic resonance imaging (coronal) showed disappearance of nodules in sulci and lateral ventricle free of expansion.

Figure

A

Computed

tomography

indicated

left

tentorium

subdural

hemorrhage

before

treatment

B

Magnetic

resonance

imaging

coronal

presented

multiple

ring

reinforced

tubercles

in

sulci

C

After

weeks

treatment

with

voriconazole

Magnetic

resonance

imaging

coronal

showed

disappearance

of

nodules

in

sulci

and

lateral

ventricle

free

of

expansion


FIGURE 1 | We performed a clinical practice study investigating the cortical modulation of pupillary function following strategic cerebral strokes. This figure depicts CT of the brain from 2 exemplary stroke patients 24 h following endovascular therapy for large vessel occlusive stroke. Strategic ischemic infarctions are seen in the left prefrontal eye field (Left) and right insular cortex (Central). Using automated pupillometry [(Right); courtesy of https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page], we collected pupillometry data of patients with strategic infarcts in the prefrontal eye field and/or insular cortex (group 1) and compared them to data from stroke patients without infarcts in these areas (group 2) and to data from patients with myocardial infarcts but without clinical evidence of brain injury (control group).

FIGURE

We

performed

a

clinical

practice

study

investigating

the

cortical

modulation

of

pupillary

function

following

strategic

cerebral

strokes

This

figure

depicts

CT

of

the

brain

from

exemplary

stroke

patients

h

following

endovascular

therapy

for

large

vessel

occlusive

stroke

Strategic

ischemic

infarctions

are

seen

in

the

left

prefrontal

eye

field

Left

and

right

insular

cortex

Central

Using

automated

pupillometry

Right

courtesy

of

we

collected

pupillometry

data

of

patients

with

strategic

infarcts

in

the

prefrontal

eye

field

and/or

insular

cortex

group

and

compared

them

to

data

from

stroke

patients

without

infarcts

in

these

areas

group

and

to

data

from

patients

with

myocardial

infarcts

but

without

clinical

evidence

of

brain

injury

control

group


Figure 1. Necrosis in rhino-orbito-cerebral mycormycosis. (A): ROC Mucormycosis with palatal involvement and necrosis. (B): Endoscopic examination shows necrosis of the middle right meatus. Used with kind permission from B. Verillaud, personal data.

Figure

Necrosis

in

rhino

orbito

cerebral

mycormycosis

A

ROC

Mucormycosis

with

palatal

involvement

and

necrosis

B

Endoscopic

examination

shows

necrosis

of

the

middle

right

meatus

Used

with

kind

permission

from

B.

Verillaud

personal

data


Figure 1. Representative MR Images of acute soft-tissue infection. A, B) Mouse received PFC at day 2 post infection. Images were recorded 24 h after administration. C, D) Mouse received CLIO at day 2 post infection and was imaged 24 h after administration. A) Transverse T 2 map of PFC group mouse shows hyperintensity within infected muscle (arrow). B) 19 F-SSFP CSI overlay on 1 H-TSE image of PFC treated mouse shows strong accumulation of PFC at the rim of abscess area. C) Transverse T 2 map of CLIO group mouse shows hyper-intense area diffusely circumscribed by dark spots (arrow). D) T 2 * weighted image shows diffusely distributed susceptibility effects in the infected muscle (arrow). (Co: Control tube filled with PFC dilution, R: right side, L: left side of the imaged mouse). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018246.g001

Figure

Representative

MR

Images

of

acute

soft

tissue

infection

A

B

Mouse

received

PFC

at

day

post

infection

Images

were

recorded

h

after

administration

C

D

Mouse

received

CLIO

at

day

post

infection

and

was

imaged

h

after

administration

A

Transverse

T

map

of

PFC

group

mouse

shows

hyperintensity

within

infected

muscle

arrow

B

F

SSFP

CSI

overlay

on

H

TSE

image

of

PFC

treated

mouse

shows

strong

accumulation

of

PFC

at

the

rim

of

abscess

area

C

Transverse

T

map

of

CLIO

group

mouse

shows

hyper

intense

area

diffusely

circumscribed

by

dark

spots

arrow

D

T

weighted

image

shows

diffusely

distributed

susceptibility

effects

in

the

infected

muscle

arrow

Co

Control

tube

filled

with

PFC

dilution

R

right

side

L

left

side

of

the

imaged

mouse


Fig. 2 (A) Patient positioned in immobilization during computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging simulation with anesthesia; and (B) magnetic resonance imaging simulation images acquired in the treatment position and immobilization. (1) Thermoplastic mask with bite block. (2) Carbon fiber fixation board. (3) Anesthesia cart with monitoring.

Fig

A

Patient

positioned

in

immobilization

during

computed

tomography

and

magnetic

resonance

imaging

simulation

with

anesthesia

and

B

magnetic

resonance

imaging

simulation

images

acquired

in

the

treatment

position

and

immobilization

Thermoplastic

mask

with

bite

block

Carbon

fiber

fixation

board

Anesthesia

cart

with

monitoring


Fig. 2 Sagittal T 1 -and T 2 -weighted MRIs (top and bottom row, respectively) performed on the 71st post-onset day.

Fig

Sagittal

T

-and

T

-weighted

MRIs

top

and

bottom

row

respectively

performed

on

the

post

onset

day


FIGURE 17 Increase in osmium-fixed radioactivity in the photoreceptors with time of incubation . (A) Retina fixed immediately after labeling. (B) Retina labeled in the same way and subsequently incubated for I h in the presence of 1 mM unlabeled choline . At the end of the chase (B) a significant number of grains is seen over the photoreceptor outer segments . Even then, the majority of grains are over the outer nuclear layer or inner segments . Cones (arrows) were more heavily labeled than rods . Note (B) that much more osmium-fixed radioactivity is contained in the photoreceptors than in the outer plexiform or outer nuclear layers. Exposure, 4 wk . Bar, 24 um .

FIGURE

Increase

in

osmium

fixed

radioactivity

in

the

photoreceptors

with

time

of

incubation

A

Retina

fixed

immediately

after

labeling

B

Retina

labeled

in

the

same

way

and

subsequently

incubated

for

I

h

in

the

presence

of

mM

unlabeled

choline

At

the

end

of

the

chase

B

a

significant

number

of

grains

is

seen

over

the

photoreceptor

outer

segments

Even

then

the

majority

of

grains

are

over

the

outer

nuclear

layer

or

inner

segments

Cones

arrows

were

more

heavily

labeled

than

rods

Note

B

that

much

more

osmium

fixed

radioactivity

is

contained

in

the

photoreceptors

than

in

the

outer

plexiform

or

outer

nuclear

layers

Exposure

wk

Bar

um


Fig. 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain performed after SE recovery. In (A) Axial Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) sequence and in (B) T2-weightened sequences showing a large neoplastic lesion involving the left temporoinsular area.

Fig

Magnetic

Resonance

Imaging

MRI

of

the

brain

performed

after

SE

recovery

In

A

Axial

Fluid

Attenuated

Inversion

Recovery

FLAIR

sequence

and

in

B

sequences

showing

a

large

neoplastic

lesion

involving

the

left

temporoinsular

area


Fig. 2 The post-surgical examination: (a) Transverse, (b) sagittal and (c) three-dimensional volume-rendered computed tomography angiography of pre-discharge showed complete sealing of the primary entry tear with the occlude. No endoleak could be found. d Gastroscopic examination revealed the complete healing of original fistulas. *, original esophageal mural ulcers; LCCA, left common carotid artery; LSA, left subclavian artery; INA, innominate artery

Fig

The

post

surgical

examination

a

Transverse

b

sagittal

and

c

three

dimensional

volume

rendered

computed

tomography

angiography

of

pre

discharge

showed

complete

sealing

of

the

primary

entry

tear

with

the

occlude

No

endoleak

could

be

found

d

Gastroscopic

examination

revealed

the

complete

healing

of

original

fistulas

original

esophageal

mural

ulcers

LCCA

left

common

carotid

artery

LSA

left

subclavian

artery

INA

innominate

artery


Fig. 2 Atomic resolution images of Co25Fe75 films. Scanning transmission electron microscopy images of a Cr(2.8 nm)/Co25Fe75(6.8 nm)/MgO and b Cr(2.8 nm)/Co25Fe75(6.8 nm)/MAO films viewed along the Co25Fe75 [010] axis, where the boundary between Cr and Co25Fe75 as confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy scans is indicated by the dashed line.

Fig

Atomic

resolution

images

of

films

Scanning

transmission

electron

microscopy

images

of

a

nm)/MgO

and

b

nm)/MAO

films

viewed

along

the

axis

where

the

boundary

between

Cr

and

as

confirmed

by

electron

energy

loss

spectroscopy

scans

is

indicated

by

the

dashed

line


Fig. 2. A. Endoscopic retroflex view showing a 10-mm opening flap created after marking the normal antral mucosa around the lesion with 10-mm margins. B. Endoscopic findings showing a whitish mass (yellow surrounded) through the dissected submucosal tunnel. Tissue samples using biopsy forceps confirmed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma.

Fig

A.

Endoscopic

retroflex

view

showing

a

opening

flap

created

after

marking

the

normal

antral

mucosa

around

the

lesion

with

margins

B.

Endoscopic

findings

showing

a

whitish

mass

yellow

surrounded

through

the

dissected

submucosal

tunnel

Tissue

samples

using

biopsy

forceps

confirmed

a

poorly

differentiated

adenocarcinoma


Figure 3 Coronal brain sections in rat models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (TTC staining). (A) Control group; (B) model group. Red: Normal tissue; white: ischemic tissue.

Figure

Coronal

brain

sections

in

rat

models

of

hypoxic

ischemic

encephalopathy

TTC

staining

A

Control

group

B

model

group

Red

Normal

tissue

white

ischemic

tissue


Fig. 1. A Early gastric cancer (0-IIa + IIc type; 15 mm), of the fundus, along the lesser curvature just below the cardia, after staining with indigo-carmine. B Residual ulcer after endoscopic submucosal dissection. C En-bloc excised lesion fi xed and orientated on a board for histopathological assessment. D Well-differentiated (G1) intramucosal adenocarcinoma of intestinal type, vertical margins free of tumor. H & E, ×20

Fig

A

Early

gastric

cancer

IIc

type

mm

of

the

fundus

along

the

lesser

curvature

just

below

the

cardia

after

staining

with

indigo

carmine

B

Residual

ulcer

after

endoscopic

submucosal

dissection

C

En

bloc

excised

lesion

fi

xed

and

orientated

on

a

board

for

histopathological

assessment

D

Well

differentiated

intramucosal

adenocarcinoma

of

intestinal

type

vertical

margins

free

of

tumor

H

E


FIG. 2. Histology of the thyroid gland in RET-MEN2A transgenic mice. (A) Histologic appearance of a thyroid gland from a nontransgenic mouse. F, follicles; P, parathyroid gland; T, trachea. (Bar5 50mm.) (B) Distribution of thyroid C cells in a nontransgenic mouse demonstrated by CT immunostaining. Arrows, CT-positive C cells. (Bar 5 10 mm.) (C) Diffuse CCH in a transgenic mouse of 4 weeks of age. Note the increased number of C cells throughout the lobe detected by CT immunohistochemistry. (Bar5 50 mm.) (D) Small primary focus of MTC. Malignant cells have infiltrated and obliterated thyroid follicles. (E) MTC with massive invasion of one lobe. Arrows, remnants of thyroid follicles at the peripehry of the tumor mass. (Bar 5 50 mm.) (F) Higher magnification of the slide displayed inE showing endocrine lobular and solid pattern characteristic ofMTC. (Bar5 20mm.) (G) Calcitonin immunostaining of MTC cells. Note that a fraction of malignant cells expressed CT, a feature reminiscent of human MTC. (Bar 5 10 mm.) (H) Metastatic MTC nodule in a transgenic mouse liver. Large arrow, metastatic nodule; small arrows, normal liver. (Bar 5 50 mm.)

FIG

Histology

of

the

thyroid

gland

in

RET

transgenic

mice

A

Histologic

appearance

of

a

thyroid

gland

from

a

nontransgenic

mouse

F

follicles

P

parathyroid

gland

T

trachea

mm

B

Distribution

of

thyroid

C

cells

in

a

nontransgenic

mouse

demonstrated

by

CT

immunostaining

Arrows

CT

positive

C

cells

Bar

mm

C

Diffuse

CCH

in

a

transgenic

mouse

of

weeks

of

age

Note

the

increased

number

of

C

cells

throughout

the

lobe

detected

by

CT

immunohistochemistry

mm

D

Small

primary

focus

of

MTC

Malignant

cells

have

infiltrated

and

obliterated

thyroid

follicles

E

MTC

with

massive

invasion

of

one

lobe

Arrows

remnants

of

thyroid

follicles

at

the

peripehry

of

the

tumor

mass

Bar

mm

F

Higher

magnification

of

the

slide

displayed

inE

showing

endocrine

lobular

and

solid

pattern

characteristic

ofMTC

mm

G

Calcitonin

immunostaining

of

MTC

cells

Note

that

a

fraction

of

malignant

cells

expressed

CT

a

feature

reminiscent

of

human

MTC

Bar

mm

H

Metastatic

MTC

nodule

in

a

transgenic

mouse

liver

Large

arrow

metastatic

nodule

small

arrows

normal

liver

Bar

mm


Fig. 1. A 52-year-old woman with idiopathic synovial osteochondromatosis of the left hip. A. Anteoposterior radiograph of the left hip depicts juxta-articular calicified and/ or ossified bodies (arrowheads), and an osteophyte (straight arrow). Note that superior to the iliopubic line, a calcified and/ or ossified body (curved arrow) is also present, suggesting intrapelvic extension of the lesion. B. T1-weighted coronal MR image of the same patient shows an intra-articular lesion of low signal intensity (curved arrows), signal intensity which corresponds to an area of fat (straight arrow), and a conglomerated lesion (open arrow). Note that intrapelvic extension of the iliopsoas bursa has occurred (arrowheads). C. T2-weighted image, obtained at the same level as in B, shows intra-articular bodies of focal low signal intensity (curved arrows), and a conglomerated lesion (straight arrow). Note that intrapelvic extension of the iliopsoas bursa is again apparent (arrowheads).

Fig

A

old

woman

with

idiopathic

synovial

osteochondromatosis

of

the

left

hip

A.

Anteoposterior

radiograph

of

the

left

hip

depicts

juxta

articular

calicified

and/

or

ossified

bodies

arrowheads

and

an

osteophyte

straight

arrow

Note

that

superior

to

the

iliopubic

line

a

calcified

and/

or

ossified

body

curved

arrow

is

also

present

suggesting

intrapelvic

extension

of

the

lesion

B.

coronal

MR

image

of

the

same

patient

shows

an

intra

articular

lesion

of

low

signal

intensity

curved

arrows

signal

intensity

which

corresponds

to

an

area

of

fat

straight

arrow

and

a

conglomerated

lesion

open

arrow

Note

that

intrapelvic

extension

of

the

iliopsoas

bursa

has

occurred

arrowheads

C.

image

obtained

at

the

same

level

as

in

B

shows

intra

articular

bodies

of

focal

low

signal

intensity

curved

arrows

and

a

conglomerated

lesion

straight

arrow

Note

that

intrapelvic

extension

of

the

iliopsoas

bursa

is

again

apparent

arrowheads


Figure 2. Electron micrographs of the median eminence are shown, with transmission EM (TEM, A-E left) and scanning EM (SEM, F-K right). A) Half of the median eminence is shown in a low magnification TEM section, oriented with a slight angle to show the structures from the ventral 3rd ventricle (3V) to the dorsal portal capillary (Cap). Distinctive cellular structures of the four zones (I, II, III, IV) from the 3rd ventricle to the portal capillary are show in higher magnification in panels B, C, D and E, respectively. The corresponding SEM micrograph (F) shows the median eminence on a 100 µm coronal section. Tissue is oriented at a slight angle to show the floor of the 3rd ventricle and the cryo-fractured lateral median eminence. Cellular structures from the 3rd ventricle to the portal capillary in the lateral median eminence are shown in panels

Figure

Electron

micrographs

of

the

median

eminence

are

shown

with

transmission

EM

TEM

A

E

left

and

scanning

EM

SEM

F

K

right

A

Half

of

the

median

eminence

is

shown

in

a

low

magnification

TEM

section

oriented

with

a

slight

angle

to

show

the

structures

from

the

ventral

ventricle

to

the

dorsal

portal

capillary

Cap

Distinctive

cellular

structures

of

the

four

zones

I

II

III

IV

from

the

ventricle

to

the

portal

capillary

are

show

in

higher

magnification

in

panels

B

C

D

and

E

respectively

The

corresponding

SEM

micrograph

F

shows

the

median

eminence

on

a

µm

coronal

section

Tissue

is

oriented

at

a

slight

angle

to

show

the

floor

of

the

ventricle

and

the

cryo

fractured

lateral

median

eminence

Cellular

structures

from

the

ventricle

to

the

portal

capillary

in

the

lateral

median

eminence

are

shown

in

panels


Figure 1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing total abdominal fat in male (top panel) and female (bottom panel) patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Sagittal image showing levels for transverse imaging between L1±L5 vertebrae (a), transverse image at L1 level (b), total abdominal fat area (c) and intra-abdominal fat area (d).

Figure

Magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

showing

total

abdominal

fat

in

male

top

panel

and

female

bottom

panel

patients

with

non

insulin

dependent

diabetes

mellitus

NIDDM

Sagittal

image

showing

levels

for

transverse

imaging

between

vertebrae

a

transverse

image

at

level

b

total

abdominal

fat

area

c

and

intra

abdominal

fat

area

d


Fig. 4 Lateral cervical spine radiography in neutral (a), flexion (b) and extension (c) demonstrated no instability of the atlantoaxial complex 18 months after the operation

Fig

Lateral

cervical

spine

radiography

in

neutral

a

flexion

b

and

extension

c

demonstrated

no

instability

of

the

atlantoaxial

complex

months

after

the

operation


Figure 3. Brain activation in the contrast canonical vs. modified stimuli. a, Main effect of canonical vs. modified sculptures across conditions rendered onto the MNI brain template. b, Parasagittal and coronal view showing activations of the right insular region in the main effect. c, Activity profile of the right insula. For each condition (O, AJ, PJ) the signal plots show the difference between canonical (C) minus modified (M) sculptures in arbitrary units (a.u), +/2 10% confidence intervals (P-corrected,0.05). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001201.g003

Figure

Brain

activation

in

the

contrast

canonical

vs.

modified

stimuli

a

Main

effect

of

canonical

vs.

modified

sculptures

across

conditions

rendered

onto

the

MNI

brain

template

b

Parasagittal

and

coronal

view

showing

activations

of

the

right

insular

region

in

the

main

effect

c

Activity

profile

of

the

right

insula

For

each

condition

O

AJ

PJ

the

signal

plots

show

the

difference

between

canonical

C

minus

modified

M

sculptures

in

arbitrary

units

a.u

confidence

intervals

P


Figure 2: (a) Axial section of contrast‑enhanced CT scan (superior orbit) shows a well‑defined mass of 2.3 × 2.7 × 8.0 cm abutting left globe with marked contrast enhancement. (b) Mid‑orbit level axial scan shows thickened proximal medial rectus muscle with an intraconal retrobulbar component of mass lesion

Figure

a

Axial

section

of

contrast‑enhanced

CT

scan

superior

orbit

shows

a

well‑defined

mass

of

cm

abutting

left

globe

with

marked

contrast

enhancement

b

Mid‑orbit

level

axial

scan

shows

thickened

proximal

medial

rectus

muscle

with

an

intraconal

retrobulbar

component

of

mass

lesion


Figure 3. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. Preoperative MRI reveals normal anatomic structures between the articular disk and the condyler in the (A) open and (B) closed jaw positions.

Figure

Preoperative

magnetic

resonance

imaging

MRI

examination

Preoperative

MRI

reveals

normal

anatomic

structures

between

the

articular

disk

and

the

condyler

in

the

A

open

and

B

closed

jaw

positions


Fig. 2 A 45-year-old female with diabetes, antiretroviral-treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and left partial staghorn nephrolithiasis at previous plain radiograph (A) and MDCT urography (B) presented 9 weeks after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with clinical and contrast-enhanced MDCT (C, D) evidence of nephrocutaneous fistulisation reaching a cutaneous orifice (arrowheads). Associated findings included ipsilateral hydronephrosis with parenchymal thinning, severely thickened hyperenhancing urothelium (thin arrows) in the ureteropelvic junction, proximal and midureter, and multiple residual stone fragments along the lumbar ureter consistent with steinstrasse. Surgical treatment included nephro-ureterectomy with fistula debridement. (Partly reprinted with permission from [51])

Fig

A

old

female

with

diabetes

antiretroviral

treated

human

immunodeficiency

virus

HIV

infection

and

left

partial

staghorn

nephrolithiasis

at

previous

plain

radiograph

A

and

MDCT

urography

B

presented

weeks

after

percutaneous

nephrolithotomy

PCNL

with

clinical

and

contrast

enhanced

MDCT

C

D

evidence

of

nephrocutaneous

fistulisation

reaching

a

cutaneous

orifice

arrowheads

Associated

findings

included

ipsilateral

hydronephrosis

with

parenchymal

thinning

severely

thickened

hyperenhancing

urothelium

thin

arrows

in

the

ureteropelvic

junction

proximal

and

midureter

and

multiple

residual

stone

fragments

along

the

lumbar

ureter

consistent

with

steinstrasse

Surgical

treatment

included

nephro

ureterectomy

with

fistula

debridement

Partly

reprinted

with

permission

from


Fig 4. Perimortem fractures LF (in blue) and DF (in red yellow and black) are illustrated in Frontal (A), Occipital (C) Lateral (B,D) views. The right parietal bone of Cioclovina calvaria exhibits a central depressive fracture radiating to the right temporal, occipital and left parietal bones (Fig 2A). The centre of the depression fracture is located on the right parietal bone, approximately 2 cm superiorly to the inferior temporal line. There is an inward displacement of a bowlike bony fragment (r = 35.2 mm). Six linear fractures (R1-R6), radiating from the centre of impact are observed, as well as two main concentric fractures (C1-C2) perpendicular to the radiating fractures (Fig 2B). The first radial fracture (R1) extends superiorly to the centre of impact up to the sagittal suture. There it changes course following the suture towards lambda for about 31 mm. At a distance of approximately 29.5 mm from lambda it turns 90 degrees to the direction of the left parietal bone, crosses the right superior and inferior temporal line and moves slightly posteriorly and downwards to the left parietal squama. It crosses the left squamosal suture in a distance of 40mm from the superior border of the left external acoustic meatus. At that point gives rise to 2 smaller fracture lines (R1a, R1b) which extend to the temporal squama. R1a stops once it meets the temporal suture and R1b reaches the cranial base. R2 starts at the middle of the arc produced by the inward displacement of the central fragment and moves posterior to the right parietal bone stopping at the right lambdoid suture. R3 starts in the middle of the parietal bone, moves to the anterior part of the bone and stops at the edge of a linear fracture (LF). LF starts at the middle left of the inferior nuchal line, moves diagonally accross the tuberculum linearum, crosses the right lamdoid suture, moves slightly inferiorly and anteriorly, crossing the right squamosal suture and the right temporal bone and ends at the inferior part of the right lateral wing of the sphenoid bone (B and C). R4 begins at the impact point slightly posteriorly and then turns inferiorly and parallel to R3, crosses the right inferior temporal line, runs the right parietal bone, and ends at the right squamosal suture about 35.1 mm above the superior border of the right external acoustic meatus. R5 starts from the impact point directly posteriorly to the parietal bone. It turns slightly inferiorly when crossing the inferior temporal line and ends at the right coronal suture. R6 starts at the impact point, moves slightly posteriorly and inferiorly and crosses almost perpendicularly the sagittal suture at a distance of approximately 30.6 mm from bregma. After running approximately 29.5 mm on the posterior part of the left parietal bone, R6 turns 144 degrees anteriorly and inferiorly for approx. 43.9 mm. At the level of the left superior temporal line it turns 131 degrees anteriorly and stops at the R2 fracture line. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216718.g004

Fig

Perimortem

fractures

LF

in

blue

and

DF

in

red

yellow

and

black

are

illustrated

in

Frontal

A

Occipital

C

Lateral

B

D

views

The

right

parietal

bone

of

Cioclovina

calvaria

exhibits

a

central

depressive

fracture

radiating

to

the

right

temporal

occipital

and

left

parietal

bones

Fig

The

centre

of

the

depression

fracture

is

located

on

the

right

parietal

bone

approximately

cm

superiorly

to

the

inferior

temporal

line

There

is

an

inward

displacement

of

a

bowlike

bony

fragment

r

mm

Six

linear

fractures

radiating

from

the

centre

of

impact

are

observed

as

well

as

two

main

concentric

fractures

perpendicular

to

the

radiating

fractures

Fig

The

first

radial

fracture

extends

superiorly

to

the

centre

of

impact

up

to

the

sagittal

suture

There

it

changes

course

following

the

suture

towards

lambda

for

about

mm

At

a

distance

of

approximately

mm

from

lambda

it

turns

degrees

to

the

direction

of

the

left

parietal

bone

crosses

the

right

superior

and

inferior

temporal

line

and

moves

slightly

posteriorly

and

downwards

to

the

left

parietal

squama

It

crosses

the

left

squamosal

suture

in

a

distance

of

mm

from

the

superior

border

of

the

left

external

acoustic

meatus

At

that

point

gives

rise

to

smaller

fracture

lines

which

extend

to

the

temporal

squama

stops

once

it

meets

the

temporal

suture

and

reaches

the

cranial

base

starts

at

the

middle

of

the

arc

produced

by

the

inward

displacement

of

the

central

fragment

and

moves

posterior

to

the

right

parietal

bone

stopping

at

the

right

lambdoid

suture

starts

in

the

middle

of

the

parietal

bone

moves

to

the

anterior

part

of

the

bone

and

stops

at

the

edge

of

a

linear

fracture

LF

LF

starts

at

the

middle

left

of

the

inferior

nuchal

line

moves

diagonally

accross

the

tuberculum

linearum

crosses

the

right

lamdoid

suture

moves

slightly

inferiorly

and

anteriorly

crossing

the

right

squamosal

suture

and

the

right

temporal

bone

and

ends

at

the

inferior

part

of

the

right

lateral

wing

of

the

sphenoid

bone

B

and

C

begins

at

the

impact

point

slightly

posteriorly

and

then

turns

inferiorly

and

parallel

to

crosses

the

right

inferior

temporal

line

runs

the

right

parietal

bone

and

ends

at

the

right

squamosal

suture

about

mm

above

the

superior

border

of

the

right

external

acoustic

meatus

starts

from

the

impact

point

directly

posteriorly

to

the

parietal

bone

It

turns

slightly

inferiorly

when

crossing

the

inferior

temporal

line

and

ends

at

the

right

coronal

suture

starts

at

the

impact

point

moves

slightly

posteriorly

and

inferiorly

and

crosses

almost

perpendicularly

the

sagittal

suture

at

a

distance

of

approximately

mm

from

bregma

After

running

approximately

mm

on

the

posterior

part

of

the

left

parietal

bone

turns

degrees

anteriorly

and

inferiorly

for

approx

mm

At

the

level

of

the

left

superior

temporal

line

it

turns

degrees

anteriorly

and

stops

at

the

fracture

line